Assessment of antioxidant responses and trace metal accumulation by digestive gland of ribbed mussel Aulacomya atra atra from Northern Patagonia

Seasonal and spatial variability of trace metal concentrations and of a battery of antioxidant parameters were evaluated in digestive gland of the ribbed mussel Aulacomya atra atra. Fe, Al and Cu accumulated in tissue exhibited maximum values in winter, coinciding partially with the highest labile concentrations of Fe and Cu in sediment. Metals, as other pollutants, are known to influence the oxidative status of organisms and antioxidant enzymes have been often proposed as biomarkers of contaminant effects.Seasonal variations of trace metals did not appear to influence those of biochemical parameters, which generally showed an opposite trend with higher enzymatic activities in summer when trace metal concentrations were lower. Organisms from Punta Cuevas (control site) showed higher induction of reactive oxygen species production than those from both considered impacted sites, suggesting the possibility of some biochemical adaptation in organisms or a higher modulation of environmental and physiological factors on antioxidant responses than levels of trace metals. This study, which is the first in the area in this matter, showed that seasonal variations of potential biomarkers should be incorporated into interpretation of long-term biomonitoring studies in this marine coastal ecosystem.Fil: Giarratano, Erica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Gil, Monica Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Malanga, Gabriela Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Argentin

An update on the effects of glyphosate on the oxidative state in biological systems

El glifosato es un herbicida de amplio espectro que se utiliza para el control de malezas en cultivos de interés agrícola; genera la muerte del organismo blanco afectando su capacidad de sintetizar proteínas esenciales para la supervivencia. El glifosato inhibe la enzima 5-enolpiruvilshikimato3-fosfato sintasa que forma parte de la vía metabólica de producción de aminoácidos aromáticos, ya que se comporta como un análogo de un sustrato de dicha enzima. Se han presentado evidencias que indican que el glifosato y sus formulaciones comerciales generan situaciones de estrés oxidativo en cianobacterias, microalgas y plantas superiores no blanco de este herbicida. Sin embargo, la verdadera dimensión de la magnitud del efecto oxidativo generado por la exposición al herbicida, aún es materia de deliberación. El objetivo del presente trabajo es resumir la información disponible sobre el metabolismo y la participación del estrés oxidativo en la toxicidad del glifosato en sistemas biológicos. El conocimiento de los riesgos ambientales generados por el uso del glifosato ayudará a evitar daños irrecuperables tanto en plantas como en animales al emplear el herbicida.Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide used for weed control in crops of agricultural interest. This herbicide causes the death of the target by afecting their ability to synthesize proteins essential for survival. The activity of the 5-enolpiruvilshikimato-3-phosphate synthase enzyme, which is part of the metabolic pathway for production of aromatic amino acids, is inhibited by the glyphosate that behaves as an analogue of the second substrate (phosphoenolpyruvate). There is evidence that indicate glyphosate (and its formulations) produce oxidative stress in cyanobacteria, microalgae and no-target higher plants. However, the true dimension of the magnitude of the oxidative efect generated by the exposure is still a matter of discussion. The objective of the present study is to summarize the available information on the metabolism and the involvement of oxidative stress in the toxicity of glyphosate on biological systems. Increasing the awareness of the environmental risks generated by the use of glyphosate will help to avoid unrecoverable damage to both, plants and animals during herbicide handling.Fil: Ostera, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; ArgentinaFil: Malanga, Gabriela Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; ArgentinaFil: Puntarulo, Susana Ángela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; Argentin

Oxidative effects of glyphosate on the lipophobic intracellular environment in the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris

The studied hypothesis is that the herbicide glyphosate (GLY) can affect the oxidative balance in the hydrophobic intracellular medium in non-target Chlorella vulgaris cells. Analytical GLY and RoundUp (RUP) supplementation, affected the growth profile. A significant 42% decrease in the cellular biomass in stationary (St) phase was observed in cultures supplemented with either 5 µM of GLY or RUP, as compared to control cultures. The treatment with 0.3 µM of GLY generated non-significant effects on the oxidation rate of 2’, 7’ dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), neither in exponential (Exp) nor in St phase of development, as compared to control cultures. However, the treatment with either 5 µM GLY or 0.3 and 5 µM RUP lead to a significant decrease in the DCFH-DA oxidation rate, as compared to control cultures. The lipid radical (LR•) generation rate, detected by Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR), was significantly increased in the presence of RUP, in Lag and Exp phase of growth. The non-enzymatic antioxidants, α-Tocopherol (α-T) and β-Carotene (β-C), are aimed to protect membranes against the damage produced by the radical reactions. The content of β-C was not significantly affected, as compared to control cultures, by any of the treatments, in both growth phases of cellular development. The content of α-T was significantly decreased by the supplementation with either 0.3 or 5 µM of RUP or 5 µM GLY. The LR•/α-T ratio, used as indicator of the oxidative balance in the hydrophobic cellular media, was significantly different between samples obtained from control and RUP-exposed microalgae in both, Exp and St phase of development, with either 0.3 or 5 μM RUP. The data presented here showed evidence that suggested that oxidative balance in the hydrophobic environment was affected by either GLY or RUP.Fil: Ostera, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Puntarulo, Susana Ángela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Malanga, Gabriela Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; Argentin

Oxidative stress in the hydrophilic medium of algae and invertebrates

The harmful effects of the reactive species may be due to the increase in their steady state concentration either by the enhancement of their production rates and/or the decrease of their consumption rate by antioxidant activity. The ascorbyl radical (A• ) can be considered as a final product of radical oxidative transformations of ascorbate (AH-). The ratio A• content/AH- content (A• /AH-) has been widely used as an interesting tool to estimate mild to moderate oxidative transformations, providing a quick and simple method of diagnosis of stress in the hydrophilic cellular medium. The aim of this work was to summarize studies on the cellular oxidative condition in algae and invertebrates by assessing the A• /AH- ratio under environmentally changing conditions. The use of indices of oxidative stress increasingly sensitive and, somewhat more specific, can bring a new light to the still unknown world of oxidative responses in marine organisms.Fil: Malanga, Gabriela Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; ArgentinaFil: González, Paula Mariela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Ostera, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Puntarulo, Susana Ángela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; Argentin

New Insights on Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) Features as a Free Radical Scavenger

Recently, a number of synthetic drugs used in a variety of therapeutic indications have been reported to have antiaging effects. Among them, Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), an anologue of dietylaminoethanol, is a precursor of choline, which in turn allows the brain to optimize the production of acetylcholine that is a primary neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory. The data presented here includes new information on the ability of the compound to scavenge specific free radicals, assessed by Electron Spectroscopic Resonance (EPR), to further analyze the role of DMAE as an antioxidant. DMAE ability to directly react with hydroxyl, ascorbyl and lipid radicals was tested employing in vitro assays, and related to the supplemented dose of the compound.Fil: Malanga, Gabriela Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Química Analitica y Fisicoquímica. Cátedra de Fisicoquímica; ArgentinaFil: Aguiar, María Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Química Analitica y Fisicoquímica. Cátedra de Fisicoquímica; ArgentinaFil: Martinez, Hugo D.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Química Analitica y Fisicoquímica. Cátedra de Fisicoquímica; ArgentinaFil: Puntarulo, Susana Ángela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Química Analitica y Fisicoquímica. Cátedra de Fisicoquímica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Oxidative stress in Microcystis aeruginosa as a consequence of global climate change

Cyanobacteria are phototrophic organisms with great ecological and economical importance.Species of the genus Microcystis are known for their potential ability to synthesize toxins, notably microcystins.There is a growing interest in the evaluation of oxidative stress in relation to the impact of global climate change on natural ecosystems in different trophic levels. Several studies have focused on the analysis of organismal responses to mitigate the damage by controlling the generation of reactive oxygen species. Variations in environmentalfactors caused by climate change generate a situation of oxidative damage in Microcystis aeruginosa as a direct or indirect consequence. In this study we evaluate the effects of ultraviolet radiation and temperature on physiological and biochemical responses of a native M. aeruginosa (strain CAAT 2005-3). The results from the exposure to ultraviolet radiation doses and temperature changes suggest a high ability of M. aeruginosa to detect a potential stress situation as a consequence of reactive species production and to rapidly initiate antioxidant defenses. Increased catalase activity is an antioxidant protection mechanism in M. aeruginosa for short and long term exposure to different changes in environmental conditions. However, we found a ultraviolet-B radiation threshold dose above which oxidative stress exceeds the antioxidant protection and damage occurs. In additionour results are in agreement with recent findings suggesting that microcystins may act as protein-modulating metabolites and protection against reactive oxygen species.It is concluded that cyanobacteria have adaptative mechanisms that could lead to the replacement of species highly susceptible to oxidative stress by others with a higher system of antioxidant protection.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

Estudio de parámetros de estrés oxidativo y defensas antioxidantes frente a la exposición de arsénico en el gasterópodo bioindicador Pomacea canaliculata

Pomacea canaliculata, un gasterópodo dulceacuícola, cumple exhaustivamente los criterios ecológicos y biológicos propuestos para un organismo bioindicador ideal. Adicionalmente se ha observado que su glándula digestiva posee una gran capacidad de acumular metales pesados, entre ellos el arsénico (As). Este elemento ocupa el primer puesto de la lista de sustancias prioritarias de la Agencia para el Estudio de Sustancias Tóxicas y Enfermedades (ATSDR) debido a su alto impacto ambiental, gran toxicidad para diferentes organismos vivos y su potencial amenaza para la salud humana. Es por ello que es importante el estudio de posibles biomarcadores para evaluar el efecto tóxico de este elemento en organismos presentes en sitios contaminados. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar si el As genera en la glándula digestiva de los animales un estrés oxidativo y pone en marcha defensas antioxidantes para evitar el daño oxidativo a diferentes componentes celulares. Para dicho propósito, iindividuos adultos de P. canaliculata fueron expuestos 96 h a 500 µg/L de As. Un grupo de cinco animales sin haber sido expuesto fue sacrificado al comienzo del experimento (0 h). Subgrupos (N=5) de cada grupo experimental fueron sacrificados a las 24, 48, 72 y 96 h; y muestras de glándula digestiva fueron obtenidas para su posterior análisis. Se realizaron las siguientes determinaciones: (a) generación de radicales lipídicos, (b) velocidad de oxidación de la diclorofluoresceína diacetato (DCF-DA) (c) actividad de las enzimas glutatión-S-transferasa y catalasa, (d) metalotioneínas, (e) concentración de grupos carbonilos en proteínas, (f) contenido de α-tocoferol y (g) β- caroteno. Bajo el diseño experimental propuesto la glándula digestiva presentó un incremento en su concentración tisular basal de As (determinada mediante activación neutrónica) al final de la exposición. La acumulación de As estuvo asociada a la generación de un estrés oxidativo evidenciado por un incremento sostenido velocidad de oxidación de la DCF-DA. Las defensas antioxidantes liposolubles, α-Tocoferol y β-Caroteno, mostraron una caída a las 96 h, mientras que los niveles de metalotioneínas presentaron fluctuaciones durante todo el período experimental. Las defensas antioxidantes enzimáticas en animales expuestos se mantuvieron sin cambios durante todo el período experimental. El As produjo daño proteico y lípidos, ya que observamos aumento en los niveles de carboxilación de proteínas y de radicales lipídicos, respectivamente. En síntesis, podemos concluir que el As genera un estrés oxidativo y consecuentemente daño a diferentes componentes en la glándula digestiva de P. canaliculata, aunque consumiendo las defensas antioxidantes no enzimáticas y activando las metalotioneínas. para frenar esta situación de estrés.Fil: Campoy Díaz, Alejandra Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Fisiología; ArgentinaFil: Malanga, Gabriela Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica; ArgentinaFil: Vega, Israel Aníbal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Fisiología; ArgentinaTercer Congreso Argentino de MalacologíaBahía BlancaArgentinaAsociación Argentina de Malacologí

Effects of salinity changes on coastal Antarctic phytoplankton physiology and assemblage composition

A natural marine phytoplankton assemblage from a coastal environment of Antarctica was experimentally exposed to low salinity sea water (30 vs 34 in the control) during 8. days in order to study their physiological and community responses to hypoosmotic stress conditions. Hypoosmotic conditions favour water influx into the cells, which results in increased turgor pressure and increased oxidative stress. This stress is linked to a number of other cellular toxic processes, including damages to proteins, enzyme inactivation and DNA breakage. Inhibition of the instantaneous growth rate started after 48. h exposure to low salinity, but at the end of experiment, growth was significantly higher in the low than in the normal (control) salinity treatment. Hypoosmotic conditions prevented phytoplankton biomass accumulation, as evidenced by reduced Chlorophyll-a concentrations as compared to the control treatment. However, in terms of cell numbers and species composition, we observed a gradual replacement of big centric by small pennate diatoms, which became dominant by the end of the experiment. In addition, the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), which are indicative of oxidative stress, were studied. In the low salinity treatments, ROS concentrations were significantly higher than control values on days 4 and 6, decreasing thereafter to nearly initial values. TBARS content increased during the first 48. h and then decreased until around day 0 values. This coincided with significant increased values of the antioxidants α-tocopherol and β-carotene in low salinity treatments over the control. These results suggest the existence of protection mechanisms against lipid peroxidation, and lead to the conclusion that the response to stress is species-specific, so that at the community level a change in the relative abundance of phytoplankton taxa appears as a response to hypoosmotic conditions. This could have important consequences for the trophic food web dynamics in areas influenced by high fresh water inputs.Fil: Hernando, Marcelo Pablo. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; ArgentinaFil: Schloss, Irene Ruth. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Interno y Culto. Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Instituto Antártico Argentino; Argentina. Institut Des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski; Canadá. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Malanga, Gabriela Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Almandoz, Gaston Osvaldo. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Division Ficología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ferreyra, Gustavo Adolfo. Institut Des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski; Canadá. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Aguiar, María Belén. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Puntarulo, Susana Ángela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; Argentin

Physiological responses and toxin production of Microcystis aeruginosa in short-term exposure to solar UV radiation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of short-term (hours) exposure to solar UV radiation (UVR, 280-400 nm) on the physiology of Microcystis aeruginosa. Three solar radiation treatments were implemented: (i) PAR (PAR, 400-700 nm), (ii) TUVA (PAR + UVAR, 315-700 nm) and (iii) TUVR (PAR + UVAR + UVBR, 280-700 nm). Differential responses of antioxidant enzymes and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production to UVR were observed. Antioxidant enzymes were more active at high UVR doses. However, different responses were observed depending on the exposure to UVAR or UVBR and the dose level. No effects were observed on the biomass, ROS production or increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) compared to the control when UVR + PAR doses were lower than 9875 kJ m-2. For intermediate doses, UVR + PAR doses between 9875 and 10 275 kJ m-2, oxidative stress increased while resistance was imparted through SOD and CAT in the cells exposed to UVAR. Despite the increased antioxidant activity, biomass decrease and photosynthesis inhibition were observed, but no effects were observed with added exposure to UVBR. At the highest doses (UVR + PAR higher than 10 275 kJ m-2), the solar UVR caused decreased photosynthesis and biomass with only activation of CAT by UVBR and SOD and CAT by UVAR. In addition, for such doses, a significant decrease of microcystins (MCs, measured as MC-LR equivalents) was observed as a consequence of UVAR. This study facilitates our understanding of the SOD and CAT protection according to UVAR and UVBR doses and cellular damage and reinforces the importance of UVR as an environmental stressor. In addition, our results support the hypothesized antioxidant function of MCs.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

The Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Lipid Oxidation during the Processing of Mytilus edulis chilensis in the Beagle Channel (Tierra del Fuego)

The peculiarity of membrane lipids with high polyunsaturated fatty acids content in mollusks, suggests a special pattern for the development of lipid oxidation, decreased organoleptic characteristics and loss of product value for sale. In the Puerto Almanza area, Tierra del Fuego, mussel extraction is carried out for fresh commercialization in local cities. The antioxidants application in different marine resources at any stage of processing has been effective for the oxidative control. Our objective was to evaluate the level of lipid oxidation (tiobarbituric acid reactive species content, TBARS) and non-enzymatic antioxidants content in mussel (Mytilusedulischilensis) for commercialization, after the treatment with ascorbic acid (AH-). Mussels extracted from offshore batch culture, were exposed to different treatments: T1: dry control, T2: control in seawater without antioxidant, T3: exposed to AH- (10 mM) and T4: exposed to AH- (5 mM). Subsamples of each treatment were taken at 0, 6 and 24h, for analysis. A TBARS increase of 36% and ascorbyl radical content (A●) were observed during the first 24h on T1. The AH-incorporated by the mussels showed an antioxidant activity avoiding lipids oxidation during the first stage of processing (24h of exposure) comparing T1 and T4. These results showed the generation of oxidative stress in mussels during dry condition. The AH- content in frozen mussels decreased significantly after 24h of exposure to the antioxidant in T1 and T4, probably due to consumption. In addition, both A● as the A●/AH- index, increased significantly comparing T1, T3 and T4 treatments. This indicates that the manipulation conditions, transfer and cold storage generated an oxidative stress situation.Overall, our results indicated that the maintenance in water for 24h and that the addition of AH- (5 mM) after the mussel extraction, are beneficial during the transfer period and avoid the stress generated by manipulation of M. edulischilensis. Higher concentrations of the AH- could produce an effect contrary (pro-oxidant) in 24h. Further, cold storage (-20 ºC) for 5 days, regardless of the addition of antioxidants, does not prevent the oxidative lipid damage nor improve product quality.Fil: Hernando, Marcelo Pablo. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; ArgentinaFil: Malanga, Gabriela Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; Argentin