Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta) Anatomy

The ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) is primarily distributed in south and south-western Madagascar. It is classified as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. The ring-tailed lemur is a species commonly kept in zoological gardens. Diseases involving various body systems such as musculoskeletal, digestive, circulatory, respiratory and urogenital systems have been reported in the ring-tailed lemur, which threatens their survival. This review describes the normal anatomy of the ring-tailed lemur as a reference for clinical use and species identification. Variations exist in the normal anatomy of different animal species. Knowledge of the normal anatomy of individual species is important for accurate diagnosis and treatment of diseases

Hipertrofična osteopatija kao posljedica stranoga tijela u jednjaku psa - prikaz slučaja

Hypertrophic osteopathy is a pathological disease process that occurs secondary to intra thoracic lesions that are either pulmonary or non pulmonary in origin. A 6-year-old female German shepherd cross was presented with complaints of losing body condition, anorexia, lameness, and swollen limbs. Clinical examination revealed swelling of all four limbs which were hard and painless on palpation. Radiographic examination of the limbs and the thoracic cavity revealed, irregular periosteal new bone formation along the shafts of most of the long bones and an oval-shaped 6 cm diameter radio dense caudal mediastinal mass. At post-mortem examination, an oesophageal diverticulum was found, filled with foul smelling creamy exudates and a bone foreign body firmly adherent to the wall. Hypertrophic osteopathy secondary to oesophageal foreign body was diagnosed based on history, clinical examination, radiography, post-mortem picture and histopathology.Hipertrofična osteopatija patološki je proces koji se javlja sekundarno kao posljedica intratorakalnih lezija plućnog ili neplućnog podrijetla. Njemačka ovčarka u dobi od šest godina bila je primljena sa znakovima gubitka težine, anoreksije, šepanja i otečenih nogu. Kliničkom pretragom ustanovljene su tvrde, na palpaciju bezbolne otekline nogu. Radiografskom pretragom nogu i prsne šupljine ustanovljene su nepravilne periostealne novotvorine u većine dugih kostiju i ovalna radiološki gusta masa promjera šest cm u kaudalnom medijastinumu. Pri razudbi je ustanovljen divertikul jednjaka ispunjen pjenušavim eksudatom neugodna mirisa i koštano strano tijelo koje je čvrsto prianjalo na stijenku. Na osnovi anamneze, kliničke pretrage, radiografije, razudbe trupla i patohistološkoga nalaza dijagnosticirana je sekundarna hipertrofična osteopatija kao posljedica stranoga tijela u jednjak

Thoracic limb morphology of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) evidenced by osteology and radiography

The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is distributed primarily in the Himalayas and southern China. It is classified as a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The aim of this study was to describe the normal osteology and radiographic anatomy of the thoracic limb of the red panda. Radiography of the right thoracic limb was performed in seven captive adult red pandas. Radiographic findings were correlated with bone specimens from three adult animals. The scapula was wide craniocaudally and presented with a large area for the origin of the teres major muscle. The square-shaped major tubercle did not extend proximal to the head of the humerus. The medial epicondyle was prominent. A supracondylar foramen was present. The radial tuberosity and sesamoid bone for the abductor digiti I longus were prominent. The accessory carpal bone was directed palmarolaterally. Metacarpal bones were widely spread. The thoracic limb morphology of the red panda evidenced by osteology and radiography indicated flexibility of the thoracic limb joints and well-developed flexor and supinator muscles, which are important in arboreal quadrupedal locomotion. Knowledge gained during this study may prove useful in identifying skeletal material or remains and diagnosing musculoskeletal diseases and injuries of the thoracic limb.http://www.ojvr.orgam201

Osteology and radiographic anatomy of the pelvis and hind limb of healthy ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

In family Lemuridae, anatomical variations exist. Considering its conservation status (near threatened) and presence of similarities between strepsirrhines and primitive animals, it was thought to be beneficial to describe the gross osteology and radiographic anatomy of the pelvis and hind limb of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) as a reference for clinical use and species identification. Radiography was performed in 14 captive adult ring-tailed lemurs. The radiographic findings were correlated with bone specimens from two adult animals. Additionally, computed tomography of the hind limbs was performed in one animal. The pelvic bone has a well-developed caudal ventral iliac spine. The patella has a prominent tuberosity on the cranial surface. The first metatarsal bone and digit 1 are markedly stouter than the other metatarsal bones and digits with medial divergence from the rest of the metatarsal bones and digits. Ossicles were seen in the lateral meniscus, inter-phalangeal joint of digit 1 and in the infrapatellar fat pad. Areas of mineral opacity were seen within the external genitalia, which are believed to be the os penis and os clitoris. Variations exist in the normal osteology and radiographic appearance of the pelvis and hind limb of different animal species. The use of only atlases from domestic cats and dogs for interpretative purposes may be misleading.Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSDW), Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), University of Pretoria, Johannesburg (JHB) and Bristol Zoos.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0264hb201

Thoracic radiographic anatomy in sheep

Tanzania Veterinary Association Proceedings Volume 34: 129-135The objective of this study was to describe the normal radiographic anatomy of the thorax in sheep and to provide reference ranges for clinical use. Radiography of the thorax was performed in six East African blackheaded sheep. Right lateral (RL), left lateral (LL), dorsoventral (DV) and ventrodorsal (VD) radiographic views of the thorax were obtained under general anaesthesia at the end of inspiration. The number of thoracic vertebrae ranged from 12(1/6) to 13(5/6). The sternum was concave upward with the manubrium sterni almost vertically positioned. It consisted of manubrium sterni, xiphoid process and four (4/6) or five (2/6) sternebrae. There was no significant difference (P = 0.77) observed in the mean vertebral heart score (VHS) obtained on the LL (10.28 ± 0.37) and RL (10.23 ± 0.43) views. The mean ratio of the caudal vena cava (CVC) diameter to the height of the fourth thoracic vertebral body and aorta diameter was 1.19 ± 0.08 and 0.85 ± 0.08, respectively. The mean VHS on the VD view (8.62 ± 0.40) was significantly (P = 0.02) larger compared to that of the DV view (8.03 ± 0.25). The mean ratio of the trachea diameter to thoracic inlet distance was 0.14 ± 0.03. The right pulmonary cupula pleura was more radiolucent, wide and extended further cranially than the left pulmonary cupula pleura. Knowledge of the normal thoracic radiographic anatomy of individual species is important for accurate interpretation of thoracic radiographs

Aspects of the morphological radiographic and ultrasonographic anatomy of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) and ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta)

The red panda and ring-tailed lemur are species, which are commonly kept in zoological gardens. The red panda and ring-tailed lemur are classified as vulnerable and endangered, respectively, by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. The aim of this study was to describe the normal radiographic thoracic anatomy, radiographic and ultrasonographic abdominal anatomy as well as the normal morphology of the pelvis, thoracic and hind limb in captive red pandas and ring-tailed lemurs as a reference for clinical use. Radiography and ultrasonography were performed in adult captive red pandas and ring-tailed lemurs during annual health examinations. Bone specimens of adult red pandas and ring-tailed lemurs were used for gross osteological study. The morphology of the pelvis, thoracic and hind limb of the red panda and ring-tailed lemur supported the presence of strong flexor and supinator muscles and flexibility of limb joints, which are important in arboreal quadrupedal locomotion. However, the scapula of the ring-tailed lemur is modified for both arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion. Additionally, the morphology of the pelvis and hind limb of the ring-tailed lemur showed locomotor adaptation for jumping. Normal radiographic and ultrasonographic reference ranges for thoracic structures and abdominal organs were established and ratios were calculated. Knowledge of the normal morphology, radiographic and ultrasonographic anatomy of the red panda and ring-tailed lemur should prove useful in the diagnosis of diseases and for routine health examinations.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.tm2016Anatomy and PhysiologyPhDUnrestricte

Radiological Anatomy of the Pelvis and Pelvic Limb of the Greater Cane Rat (Thryonomys swinderianus)

Greater cane rats (Thryonomys swinderianus) are now being captive reared and domesticated in the sub-Saharan Africa because of increase in their demand for biomedical research and traditional medicine and as a source of meat. This research was performed to provide the normal radiological anatomy of the pelvis and pelvic limb in greater cane rats for a reference in biomedical research, in anatomical studies, and in clinical use. Radiological examination of the pelvis and right pelvic limb was done in five greater cane rats. Radiological results were correlated with bones of the pelvis and right pelvic limb. The pelvic bone had a prominent caudoventral iliac spine. The pelvic symphysis was long and obturator foramina appeared teardrop-shaped elongated craniocaudally. The prominent major trochanter extended proximally higher than the femoral head. The middle third of the body of the tibia presented a very prominent tuberosity. In all specimens, the tarsal sesamoid bone was visualised. Mineralised popliteal sesamoid bone was not visualised. In male greater cane rats, the os penis was visualised. The lateral and medial menisci of the stifle joint were seen with ossicles. The first metatarsal bone was rudimentary with greater plantar divergence. Despite of the pelvic limb and pelvis of greater cane rats sharing anatomical structures with other rodents, it retains some exceptional anatomical features. Findings of this study will serve as a reference for anatomical studies, clinical veterinary practice, and in biomedical research

Thoracic limb morphology of the red panda (<i>Ailurus fulgens</i>) evidenced by osteology and radiography

The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is distributed primarily in the Himalayas and southern China. It is classified as a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The aim of this study was to describe the normal osteology and radiographic anatomy of the thoracic limb of the red panda. Radiography of the right thoracic limb was performed in seven captive adult red pandas. Radiographic findings were correlated with bone specimens from three adult animals. The scapula was wide craniocaudally and presented with a large area for the origin of the teres major muscle. The square-shaped major tubercle did not extend proximal to the head of the humerus. The medial epicondyle was prominent. A supracondylar foramen was present. The radial tuberosity and sesamoid bone for the abductor digiti I longus were prominent. The accessory carpal bone was directed palmarolaterally. Metacarpal bones were widely spread. The thoracic limb morphology of the red panda evidenced by osteology and radiography indicated flexibility of the thoracic limb joints and well-developed flexor and supinator muscles, which are important in arboreal quadrupedal locomotion. Knowledge gained during this study may prove useful in identifying skeletal material or remains and diagnosing musculoskeletal diseases and injuries of the thoracic limb