Dinamika vlažnosti zemljišta tokom 2012. godine u usevima nekih lekovitih biljnih vrsta pri konvencionalnoj i organskoj proizvodnji

This paper presents an analysis of soil moisture dynamics in the 2012 growing season at the experiment field of the Department for Organic Farming and Biodiversity, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops. Soil moisture dynamics was monitored in plots under medicinal plants (marigold, mint and basil) grown by two production systems: conventional and organic. In the summer months (June, July and August), i.e., in the critical period for plant growth, high air temperatures, low air humidity, rainfall deficit, and frequent hot winds caused dry spells that varied in intensity. The rainfall during these months was insufficient to meet the total water requirements of the cultivated plants. The rainfall was significantly lower than the annual average (lower by 24.6% in June, by 93.2% in August). The combined effect of weather conditions increased the soil evapotranspiration. Consequently, in both growing systems, the readily available soil moisture was on the verge of accessibility in June and early July, while the level fell under the permanent wilting point in the second half July and in August.U radu je izvršena analiza dinamike trenutne vlažnosti zemljišta u vegetacionom periodu 2012. godine na oglednom polju Odeljenja za organsku proizvodnju i biodiverzitet, Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo. Analiza dinamike vlažnosti zemljišta izvršena je u usevima lekovitih biljnih vrsta (neven, menta i bosiljak) gajenih u dva načina proizvodnje: konvencionalni i organski. Tokom letnjih meseci (jun, jul i avgust) 2012. godine u kritičnom periodu vegetacije visoke temperature, deficit padavina, niska relativna vlažnost i česti, topli vetrovi doveli su do pojave suše različitog intenziteta. Padavine tokom ovih meseci bile su nedovoljne da zadovolje ukupne potrebe biljaka za vodom. Ukupne letnje količine padavina bile su značajno manje (jun za 24,6%; avgust za 93,2%) u odnosu na višegodišnji prosek. Kompleksno delovanje vremenskih uslova povećalo je evapotranspiraciju, te su tokom juna i početkom jula meseca kod oba načina gajenja rezerve lakopristupačne vlage u zemljištu bile na granici teže pristupačne vode, dok su se u drugoj i trećoj dekadi jula i tokom avgusta meseca spustile do nivoa trajnog venjenja

Ekonomski efekti navodnjavanja i đubrenja u proizvodnji šećerne repe

The research of production and economic effects of irrigation to the sugarbeet and sugar growth per hectare was carried out on the carbonate humus of favourable water-physical and chemical characteristics on the location of Rimski Šančevi during the period from 2004 to 2006. The experiment was set according to the method of the Split-plot system being done in four repetitions with the usage of raindrop irrigation. During the experiment there were kept humidity soil treatments from 60 to 65% and the field water capacity (FWC) of 75-80% with a controlling variant being included. The realized profit per hectare during irrigation is 1607 $/ha and it is approximately greater of 17,6$/ha i veći je u proseku za 17,6% od proizvodnje u kontroli. Ekonomičnost pokazuje da se na jedinicu uloženog kapitala ostvauje u navodnjavanju 1, 49 jedinica prihoda ili više za 4,2% u odnosu na proizvodnju bez navodnjavanja. Rentabilnost merena iz odnosa profita i prihoda iznosi u navodnjavanju 32,8% i veća je za 6,8% od proizvodnje u kontroli. Pokazatelj produktivnosti govori da se za jednu proizvedenu tonu šećerne repe u navodnjavanju prosečno toši 1,28 časova ukupnog rada ili proizvodi šećerne repe 0,783 t/ času rada

Drought intensity in Vojvodina Province and impact on fields crop production

The lowlands in the northern parts of the Serbia and Montenegro, Province of Vojvodina, in which agricultural production is concentrated, have changeable unstable and unforeseeable rainfalls and dry periods between June and August. Analyses of drought in Novi Sad, which represents (the Vojvodina Province) the average precipitation sum is 612 mm (270-931), and 348 mm (138-683) in the growing season. Depending on drought intensity, crop yields may be reduced to 50% in relation to the genetic yield potential. In extremely dry years yield reductions in some crop species reach 90% in comparison with years with normal rainfall

Uticaj vremenskih uslova u letnjem periodu na vlažnost zemljišta pod lekovitim biljnim vrstama

The effects of summer weather conditions upon the dynamics of soil moisture were studied on the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Bački Petrovac. The analysis included precipitations and mean daily air temperatures in 2012 and 2013 and their effect upon moisture content in marigold, basil and mint rhizosphere. It was performed in both conventionally and organic grown plants. Extremely warm and dry summer 2012 with three heat waves induced extended period of drought causing permanent wilting in both conventionally and organic grown plants in the second decade of July and in August. Summer 2013 was very warm and dry with two heat waves while at the same time plants experienced drought later due to a favourable soil moisture at the beginning of vegetation. Soil water content induced permanent wilting not until the middle of August. .Na oglednom polju u Bačkom Petrovcu, u Odeljenju za alternativne kulture Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, praćen je uticaj vremenskih uslova u letnjem periodu na dinamiku vlažnosti zemljišta. Analizirane su padavine i srednje dnevne temperature vazduha u 2012. i 2013. godini i njihov uticaj na sadržaj vlage u rizosferi nevena, mente i bosiljka. Analize su rađene u konvencionalnom i organskom sistemu gajenja. Ekstremno toplo i ekstremno sušno leto 2012. godine, sa tri toplotna talasa, uslovilo je pojavu zemljišne suše koja je bila vrlo izražena i dugotrajna, pri čemu je u drugoj dekadi jula i u avgustu vlažnost zemljišta bila na nivou trajnog venjenja u oba načina proizvodnje. Leto 2013. godine bilo je veoma toplo i sušno, sa dva toplotna talasa, ali je zbog povoljne rezerve vlažnosti u početnom periodu vegetacije suša nastupila kasnije. Vlažnost zemljišta pod lekovitim biljem bila je na nivou trajnog venjenja od polovine avgusta.

Uticaj deficita lakopristupačne vode u zemljištu na prinos i evapotranspiraciju kukuruza

An investigation was carried out at Rimski Šančevi experiment field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad on calcareous chernozem soil on the loess terrace, in the period 2000-2007, and included irrigated variant (T1) and non-irrigated i.e. control variant (T0). NS-640, maize hybrid from the FAO maturity group 600, was analyzed. Readily available soil water deficit (RASWD) in the layer of 60 cm in the course of growing season and actual evapotranspiration (ETa) were calculated by the water balance method. Water consumption for potential evapotranspiration (ETm) in individual months and the growing season were calculated by the bioclimatic procedure, using hydrophytothermic indexes. The correlation analysis revealed highly significant dependences of maize yield (Y) on RASWD (r = -0.941) and the amount of precipitation (P) in August (r = 0.931). Statistically significant dependence was also found between Y and RASWD (r = -0.765) and P (r = 0.768) in July and August. The obtained results indicate that maize production in Vojvodina under the rainfed conditions is unreliable, and that it is correlated with weather conditions, especially with the amount and distribution of precipitation. The statistically significant correlation obtained between Y and ETa (r = 0.755) confirms that water supply is the basic prerequisite which allows the other production factors to be realized. Significantly higher maize yields in the T1 variant (13.517 t ha-1) in relation to the T0 variant (11.210 t ha-1) indicate clearly that under the climatic conditions of Vojvodina high and stable yields of maize can be achieved only in irrigation.Eksperimentalna istraživanja su obavljena na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad na Rimskim Šančevima, na zemljištu tipa karbonatni černozem lesne terase u periodu 2000-2007. U ogledu su bile zastupljene varijanta sa navodnjavanjem (T1) i kontrolna varijanta bez navodnjavanja (T0). Analiziran je hibrid kukuruza NS-640 grupe zrenja FAO 600. Deficit lakopristupačne vode u zemljištu (DLPVZ) u sloju do 60 cm u periodu vegetacije, kao i utrošak vode na stvarnu evapotranspiraciju (ETa) obračunate su vodnim bilansom. Utrošak vode na potencijalnu evapotranspiraciju (ETm) u pojedinim mesecima i vegetacionom periodu obračunate su bioklimatskim postupkom primenom hidrofitotermičkih indeksa. Korelacionom analizom utvrđena je visokosignifikantna zavisnost prinosa kukuruza (Y) od DLPVZ (r = -0,941) i količine padavina (P) u avgustu (r = 0,931). Takođe je utvrđena statistički signifikantna zavisnost Y od DLPVZ (r = -0,765) i P u julu i avgustu (r = 0,768). Dobijeni rezultati potvrđuju činjenicu da je proizvodnja kukuruza u Vojvodini, u uslovima prirodne obezbeđenosti biljaka vodom, nesigurna i da je u korelaciji sa vremenskim uslovima pre svega sa količinom i rasporedom padavina. Ostvarena statistički signifikantna korelacija (r = 0,755) između prinosa kukuruza i utrošene vode na stvarnu evapotranspiraciju (ETa) potvrđuje da poljoprivredi Vojvodine nedostaje voda kao pokretač ostalih faktora proizvodnje. Signifikantno veći prinosi kukuruza na varijanti T1 (13,517 t ha-1) u odnosu na T0 varijantu (11,210 t ha-1) jasno ukazuju da se u klimatskim uslovima Vojvodine mogu postići visoki i stabilni prinosi kukuruza samo u uslovima navodnjavanja

Uticaj različitih doza đubrenja azotom na prinos i kvalitet šećerne repe u navodnjavanju

The experiment of effect of different rates of nitrogen fertilizers on yield and quality of sugar beet was conducted in field conditions at the Rimski Šančevi Experiment Field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The experiment was conducted in 2004-2005 under sprinkler irrigation conditions. The field is located on a calcareous chernozem on loess terrace. The experiment included four levels of nitrogen nutrition (90, 120, 150, 180 kg ha-1) and three varieties, Sara, Lara and Drena selected in the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The yield of sugar beet and sugar content in the investigated period indicates that fertilization with nitrogen in range of 120-150 kg ha-1 is the most acceptable for irrigation conditions, but 90 kg ha-1 for non-irrigated.Istraživanja uticaja različitih doza đubrenja azotom na prinos i kvalitet šećerne repe u uslovima navodnjavanja obavljena su u poljskim uslovima na Rimskim Šančevima na Oglednom polju Naučnog instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada. Istraživanja su obavljena tokom 2004 i 2005. godine na zemljištu tipa karbonatni černozem lesne terase u uslovima navodnjavanja kišenjem. U ogledu su ispitivane tri hibridne sorte Sara, Lara i Drena, selekcionisane u Naučnom institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo. Realizovana je uobičajena tehnologija proizvodnje šećerne repe prilagođena uslovima navodnjavanja. U ogledu su bile zastupljene varijante đubrenja sa rastućim dozama azota 90, 120, 150 i 180 kg ha-1. Prinos korena i sadržaja šećera u korenu šećerne repe ukazuju da je đubrenje azotom u intervalu 120-150 kg ha-1 najprihvatljivije za uslove navodnjavanja, odnosno 90 kg ha-1 za uslove prirodne obezbeđenosti biljaka vodom

Uticaj navodnjavanja i đubrenja na sadržaj šećera i prinos korena šećerne repe

The experiment included a variant of sprinkling irrigation [irrigation performed at the pre-irrigation soil moisture of 70% of field water capacity (FWC)] and a non-irrigated control variant. The fertilization variants included four levels of nitrogen nutrition (90, 120, 150, 180 kg ha-1), and a variant with the preparation "Betafiksin" (90 kg N + Betafiksin ha-1). Root yields of irrigated sugarbeets were significantly higher than those in the non-irrigated control (99.74 vs. 87.26 t ha-1). The average yield increase due to irrigation practices was 12.48 t ha-1 or 14.3%. The highest root yield (102.20 t ha-1) was obtained in the variant with 150 kg N ha-1. This yield was highly significant in relation to the yields obtained with 90 and 120 kg N ha-1, and significant in relation to the yield obtained with 180 kg N ha-1. The application of "Betafiksin" resulted in highly significant yield increases in relation to the variants with 90 kg N ha-1 both with and without irrigation. Highly significant differences were registered in the sugar content between the irrigated and non-irrigated variants (15.12% and 15.98%, respectively). The fertilization variants with 90 and 120 kg N ha-1 had highly significant or significant sugar contents in relation to the variants with 150 and 180 kg N ha-1 regardless of the water supply. Both variants of "Betafiksin" application, irrigated and non-irrigated, had higher sugar contents than the fertilisation variants with 150 and 180 kg N ha-1.Varijanta navodnjavanja kišenjem sa predzalivnom vlažnošću zemljišta 70% od PVK (poljskog vodnog kapaciteta) i nenavodnjavana, kontrolna varijanta bile su primenjene u ogledu. Zatim, varijante đubrenja sa četiri nivoa primene azota (90, 120, 150, 180 kg ha-1), kao i varijanta sa bio preparatom "NS Betafiksin" (90 kg ha-1 azota + NS Betafiksin) su bile zastupljene. U uslovima navodnjavanja ostvareni su visokosignifikantno viši prinosi korena šećerne repe u odnosu na kontrolnu, nenavodnjavanu varijantu (99,74-87,26 t ha-1). Prosečno povećanje prinosa u uslovima navodnjavanja bilo je 12,48 t ha-1 ili 14,3%. Najviši prinos korena šećerne repe postignut je na varijanti đubrenja sa 150 kg azota ha-1 (102,20 t ha-1), visokosignifikantno viši u odnosu na varijantu đubrenja 90 i 120 kg azota ha-1, odonosno statistički značajne razlike nije bilo u odnosu na varijantu đubrenja 180 kg azota ha-1. Prinosi korena šećerne repe na varijanti đubrenja sa "NS Betafiksinom" na obe varijante ogleda u uslovima navodnjavanja i u uslovima prirodne obezbeđenosti biljaka vodom bili su visokosignifikantno viši u odnosu na varijantu đubrenja 90 kg azota ha-1. Utvrđene su statistički signifikantne razlike u sadržaju šećera između navodnjavane (15,12%) i kontrolne varijante bez navodnjavanja (15,98%). U uslovima navodnjavanja i u uslovima prirodne obezbeđenosti biljaka vodom, na varijantama đubrenja sa 90 i 120 kg azota ha-1 % šećera je bio statistički signifikantno ili visokosignifikantno viši u odnosu na varijante sa 150 i 180 kg azota ha-1. Na varijanti đubrenja sa "NS Betafiksinom" na obe varijante, u uslovima navodnjavanja i na kontrolnoj nenavodnjavanoj varijanti, % šećera bio je viši nego na varijanti đubrenja 150 i 180 kg azota ha-1

Kamilica u Republici Srbiji

As one of the most common medicinal plants, chamomile is grown on approximately 20,000 ha in the world and on 350 -400 ha in Serbia. Good yields can be expected if the plant is grown up to 500 m altitude. The plant is adapted to various soils; it has modest nitrogen demands and tolerates drought and salinity. The usual yields are: 500-1,000 kg/ha of dry flower heads, 150 kg/ha of seed and up to 4.5-5 kg/ha of essential oil. Drug (Chamomillae flos) has moisture below 12%, appropriate physico-chemical and microbiological properties, referred low amount of heavy metals and at least 4 ml/kg of essential oil. The yield of flower heads and the essential oil quantity and quality depend on various environmental factors, as well as on the genetic background. There is more than forty chamomile cultivars realized in the world; three of them originate from the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad (Banatska, Tip 29 and Tetraploidna). Banatska and Tetraploidna are widely grown. The cultivars are characterized by high yield potential and appropriate essential oil content.Kao jedna od najzastupljenijih lekovitih biljaka, kamilica se u svetu gaji na oko 20000 ha, dok se površine u Srbiji procenjuju na 350-400 ha. Najbolje uspeva na nadmorskim visinama do 500 m. Adaptirana je na različite zemljišne uslove, ima skromne potrebe za azotom, toleriše sušu i zaslanjena zemljišta. Uobičajeni prinos suvih cvetnih glavica je 500-1000 kg/ha, semena 150 kg/ha, a etarskog ulja do 4,5-5 kg/ha. Droga (Chamomillae flos) ima vlagu ispod 12%, odgovarajuće fizičko-hemijske i mikrobiološke osobine, propisano nizak sadržaj teških metala i najmanje 4 ml/kg etarskog ulja. Prinos cvetnih glavica, sadržaj i sastav etarskog ulja zavise od brojnih faktora sredine, ali i od genetske konstitucije materijala. U svetu je oplemenjeno četrdesetak sorti, od čega tri u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo (Banatska, Tip 29 i Tetraploidna). U proizvodnji su zastupljene Banatska i Tetraploidna. Odlikuju se visokim potencijalom za prinos i odgovarajućim sadržajem etarskog ulja

Uticaj inokulacije sa Azotobacter chroococcumna mikroorganizme u rizosferi i prinos šećerne repe u organskoj proizvodnji

The effect on sugar beet yield parameters and microbiological soil sta­tus was studied using two techniques of sugar beet inoculation with strains of Azotobacter chroococcum. Cultivar 'Drena' was used in the study, and field trial was set under the conditions of organic farming system in Bački Petrovac. A mixture of three strains of Azotobacter chroococcum was used as microbial fertilizer. Inoculation was performed by: (A) incorporation of strains into soil before sowing; and (B) repeated incorporation of strains into soil two weeks after sowing. PGP characterization of the strains confirmed the ability of producing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from 12.63 μg ml-1 to 14.95 μg ml-1, nitrogen fixation, and P-solubilization. Positive effects on the number of azotobacter and free nitrogen fixers in rhizosphere were obtained by inoculation, as well as positive effects on the tested sugar beet yield parameters. The largest increase in root yield, yield of crystal sugar, and yield of polarised sugar compared with the control was obtained by repeated soil inoculation, ranging from 22 to 23%.Ispitan je efekat dva načina inokulacije šećerne repe sa sojevima Azotobacter chroococcum na parametre prinosa šećerne repe i mikrobiološki status zemljišta. U ispitivanjima je korišćena sorta Drena, a eksperiment je postavljen u sistemu organske proizvodnje u Bačkom Petrovcu. Kao mikrobiološko đubrivo korišćena je smeša tri soja Azotobacter chroococcum. Inokulacija je izvršena na dva načina: (A) inkorporacija sojeva u zemljište pre setve, (B) ponovljena inkorporacija sojeva u zemljište dve nedelje nakon setve. PGP karakterizacijom korišćenih sojeva utvrđena je sposobnost produkcije indol-3-sirćetne kiseline (IAA) od 12.63 μg ml-1do 14.95 μg ml-1, azotofiksacije i fosfosolubilizacije. Inokulacijom je dobijen pozitivan efekat na broj azotobaktera i slobodnih azotofiksatora u rizosferi, kao i na ispitivane parametre prinosa šećerne repe. Najveće povećanje prinosa korena, prinosa kristalnog i polarizacionog šećera dobijeno je na varijanti ponovljene inokulacije zemljišta i kretalo se od 22 do 23% u odnosu na kontrolnu varijantu

Uticaj đubrenja i navodnjavanja na prinos i tehnološki kvalitet šećerne repe

Effects of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and technological quality of irrigated sugarbeet were studied at Rimski Sancevi Experiment Field in the 2004-2006 period. The three hybrids tested, Sara, Lara and Drena, had been developed at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops. The conventional production technology was applied, but adapted to irrigation conditions. The following nitrogen variants were tested: 90,120,150 and 180 kg/ha. The obtained yields of sugar and sugar contents in sugarbeet roots showed that the N doses of 120 and 150 kg/ha were most suitable for irrigated sugarbeets, while 90 kg/ha was the optimum dose for rainfed sugarbeets grown on chernozem and similar soils. Irrigation practice positively affected the yields of roots and sugar in spite of rainfall levels which were above the average values for sugarbeet growing season.Istraživanja uticaja različitih doza đubrenja azotom na prinos i tehnološki kvalitet šećerne repe u uslovima navodnjavanja obavljena su u periodu 2004-2006. godine u poljskim uslovima na Rimskim Šančevima. Ispitivane su tri hibridne sorte Sara, Lara i Drena, selekcionisane u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad. Realizovana je uobičajena tehnologija proizvod - nje šećerne repe prilagođena uslovima navodnjavanja. U ogledu su bile zastupljene varijante đubrenja sa rastućim dozama azota 90, 120, 150 i 180 kg/ha. Prinos korena i sadržaj šećera u korenu šećerne repe ukazuju, da je đubrenje azotom u intervalu 120-150 kg/ha najprihvatljivije za uslove navodnjavanja, odnosno 90 kg/ha za uslove prirodne obezbeđenosti biljaka vodom na černozemu i zemljištima slične plodnosti. Na vodnjavanje je pozitivno uticalo na prinos korena i šećera uprkos većim sumama padavina u vegetacionom periodu šećerne repe od uobičajenih