Business English course syllabus for future employees of multinational companies

W wielojęzycznej i wielokulturowej Europie, z którą wiąże się wiele programów europejskich, ten tom młodych naukowców jest bardzo potrzebny. Świadczy o tym, że młodzi ludzie widzą sens Unii Europejskiej, doceniają programy europejskie i aktywnie w nich uczestniczą. Chcą również przybliżyć Polskę, jej język i kulturę innym narodom. Sprzyja temu aktywna wymiana naukowców i studentów między krajami Unii. W tym aspekcie podejmowane badania są jak najbardziej uzasadnione. Jest to już czwarty tom z cyklu „Bogactwo językowe i kulturowe Europy w oczach Polaków i cudzoziemców”. Są w nim przedstawione dwa ujęcia: spojrzenie Polaków na cudzoziemców i cudzoziemców na nas. Znaczna część artykułów poświęcona jest też glottodydaktyce języków obcych, a przede wszystkim nauczaniu języka polskiego jako obcego.Publikacja wydana dzięki wsparciu finansowemu Władz Rektorskich Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego oraz Pani Dziekan Wydziału Filologicznego Uniwersytetu Łódzkieg

The Role of the Inhabitants of Łódź in the Urbanisation of its Surrounding Area

This article describes the urbanisation process within the recreational region surrounding Łódź. After an introduction to theoretical issues, the topic will be the ongoing changes, their stages, and effects on various planes of this urbanisation. The emphasis is put on showing the characteristics and scale of the process, its causes and social features. The paper concludes by demonstrating the dominating influence of the inhabitants of Łódź on urbanisation processes caused by their tourism and recreational activity in this area

RT-PCR Analysis of TOPBP1 Gene Expression in Hereditary Breast Cancer

Hereditary predisposition to breast cancer determined in large part by loss of function mutations in one of two genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Besides BRCA1 and BRCA2 other genes are also likely to be involved in hereditary predisposition to breast cancer. TopBP1 protein is involved in DNA replication, DNA damage checkpoint response and transcriptional regulation. Expression of TopBP1 gene at the mRNA level was analyzed by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 94 samples of hereditary breast cancer. Analysis of TopBP1 mRNA level showed that expression of TopBP1 is significantly downregulated in poorly differentiated breast cancer (grade III according Bloom-Richardson system (P<0.05)

Ethical Regulation of Medical Students’ Interactions with the Pharmaceutical Industry in the United States

The involvement of the pharmaceutical industry in medical education can be seen as something completely natural. Who better than the producer of the med-icine would know how the drug was developed, how the process of it being au-thorized for sale proceeded, and what the side effects of it are? Today in the United States, more and more colleges are implementing strong pharmaceutical conflict-of-interest policies. Interaction between students and medical school staff with these companies is undesirable, because they share marketing materi-als more often than honest data, and their representatives use various ways to influence these current and future physicians during their meetings. This article will describe research which shows what pharmaceutical mar-keting directed at students looks like in the USA – its character, frequency, and potential impact on future medical decisions. Also, ways of regulating interac-tion between medical schools, their staff and students and the pharmaceutical industry will be expressed. Guidelines of the Association of American Medical Colleges, the Institute of Medicine and the American Medical Student Associa-tion will be described. At the end, questions about their influence on reality and whether medical schools’ policies can be an effective barrier for pharmaceutical marketing on medical schools will be asked

Interferon signalling in the liver : implications for the natural course and therapy of hepatitis C

Hepatitis C virus is a global health concern, estimated to infect 2-3% of the world's population. Inter-individual differences in the course of infection and response to therapy, highlighted by recent genomewide association studies, point to the crucial role of the host immune system in the efficient control of infection. Ongoing progress in the studies of the role of innate immunity during hepatitis C virus infection has improved our understanding of the intricacies of the host-virus interactions. In this work I present and discuss results of three studies aimed to dissect interferon signalling in the liver in the context of natural course or therapy of hepatitis C virus infection. Interferon-based therapies are in clinical use for treatment of diseases such as hepatitis C virus infection or multiple sclerosis. Interferon-induced regulators of the Jak-STAT signalling are known to involve in negative feedback loops and affect the response to exogenously administered interferon alpha. In this context it is important to understand which interferon subtypes are potent inducers of the negative regulators and whether all interferons are equally sensitive to the inhibitory mechanisms. To tackle this question we attempted to characterize and compare response patterns to interferons alpha, beta and lambda in a setting of continuous and repeated stimulation (see Section 3.1). The acute phase of hepatitis C virus infection in humans (first 6 months after transmission) is characterized by high rates of spontaneous clearance and excellent treatment response (>90% cure rate). As the infection at that stage is mostly asymptomatic, it is rarely diagnosed and, in comparison to the chronic phase of hepatitis C virus infection, little is known about the human liver response to acute hepatitis C virus infection and the host-virus interactions during this time. In the second part of this PhD project we made use of the acute hepatitis C liver biopsies collected over the course of several years at the University Hospital of Basel to describe human hepatic response to acute hepatitis C virus infection and gain an insight into the mechanism of improved cure rate compared to chronic hepatitis C (see Section 3.2). Chronic hepatitis C is currently treated with combination therapies based on pegylated interferon- alpha. A significant proportion of patients fails to respond to the current treatment options, probably due to the refractory state of the preactivated endogenous interferon system in the liver. Several compounds are currently in clinical development with the aim to improve the treatment outcome of pegylated interferon�alpha nonresponders. In the last part of this work we investigated in vivo the mode of action of a novel synthetic TLR9 agonist which is a clinical candidate for anti-hepatitis C virus therapy and characterized the hepatic response to this compound (see Section 3.3)

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide in the nerve fibres of the porcine gallbladder wall under physiological conditions and after Salmonella Enteritidis lipopolysaccharides administration

Background: Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide is the substance distributed in various parts of the nervous system. The majority of previous studies described this substance in the brain, where it takes part in regulatory processes connected with the food intake. CART is also present in the peripheral nervous system, especially in the enteric neurons and nerves located in the wall of the stomach and intestine, but many aspects of distribution and functions of this peptide in the digestive organs remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes of CART-positive nerves in the porcine gallbladder after administration of low-dose Salmonella Enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using the single immunofluorescence technique. Materials and methods: Seven days after the injection of 5 μg/kg b.w. LPS S. Enteritidis the gallbladders were collected. CART-positive nerves were studied with standard single immunofluorescence method and counted per observation field (0.1 m2). Results: In control animals the average number of CART-positive nerves per observation field (0.1 mm2) amounted to 5.38 ± 0.32, 11.11 ± 1.56 and 2.97 ± ± 0.24 in gallbladder neck, body and fundus, respectively. LPS administration caused the increase in the number of CART-positive fibres in all parts of gallbladder, and these values amounted to 12.74 ± 0.51, 19.75 ± 0.19 and 5.1 ± 0.05 in the gallbladder neck, body and fundus, respectively. Conclusions: The obtained results suggest that CART is involved in the neuronal regulatory processes in the porcine gallbladder under physiological conditions, but also during pathological processes, but exact functions of this peptide in this organ remain unexplained and require the further investigation

Research Into Tourism Space In Poland At The “Geographical Centre” In Łódź

Published in: Origin Spatial Development of Contemporary Poland in Łódź University Geographical Research, edited by T.MarszałThe study of tourism space as a whole has become the domain of tourism geographers. As a matter of fact, it can be put forward that tourism space as a functionally distinctive part of geographical space (Liszewski 1995) is the basic object of study in this discipline. Due to their comprehensive approach to the problem, geographers are best prepared for studying spatial phenomena such as tourism. The original features of tourism space, distinguishing it from other functional spaces, should be reflected on. In this case, the first things that come to mind include hospitality, organisation, safety etc. (Kaczmarek J. et al. 2008, 2010, Kaczmarek S. and Kaczmarek J. 2011). Due to the fact that they are difficult to define and study, these features have not been thoroughly discussed in academic publications. Tourism space as a particular “complex construction” should undergo a dual analysis. One aspect is a structural study of (with the use of the “planes” described above) its constituents. There has been a lot of research into tourism assets and attractions, tourism management (infrastructure) and tourism, which allow researchers to delimit and define some of its characteristic features. However, only studying the relations among space constituents will let us fully define the nature of tourism space

Геология Эльмусской площади и проект поисковых работ на рудное золото в пределах участка Талпус (Республика Карелия)

Выпускная квалификационная работа 126 с., 5 рис., 43 табл., 18 источников, 4 прил. Ключевые слова: рудопроявление золота, участок Талпус, Эльмусская площадь, поисковые работы, геохимическая модель, прогнозные ресурсы. Объектом исследования является (ются) Рудопроявление Талпус. Цель работы – Обоснование постановки поисковых работ и разработка методики поисковых работ. В процессе исследования проводились изучение геохимической характеристики рудопроявления Талпус, разработка методики поисковых работ и экономическая оценка. В результате исследования дано обоснование поисковых работ, построена геохимическая модель рудопроявления, подсчитаны экономические затраты проектируемых работ. Основные конструктивные, технологические и технико-эксплуатационные характеристики: проектируемые работыFinal qualifying work 126 p., 5 fig., 43 tab., 18 sources, Appendix 4. Keywords: ore occurrence of gold, Talpus site Elmusskaya area search works, geochemical model, inferred resources. The object of this study is (are) Levo Talpus. Objective - Rationale statement prospecting and development of methods of prospecting. The study carried out the study of geochemical characteristics of the ore Talpus, development of methods of prospecting and economic evaluation. The study substantiates prospecting, geochemical model built ore, calculated the economic costs projected works. The basic constructive, technological and technical and operational characteristics: the projected works are consistent with the staging of exploration and meet the basic requirements of setting prospecting Degree