Leadership, negotiation and decision making of leaders in Malaysia and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

There are a few researches on leadership, decision making and negotiation but such studies were not directed to understand the dynamics of leadership, negotiation, and decision making in Saudi Arabia and Malaysia. This study fills the gap in the current literature on Saudi and Malaysian leadership and sought the experience of national leaders in Malaysia and Saudi Arabia using a qualitative approach. The research focuses on understanding leadership, negotiation and decision making of the national leaders through interviews. This multiple case study contains seven single case studies where each leader is a subject of an individual case. Based on information from previous literature and research works, a theoretical framework was proposed by which the practices of leadership, negotiation, and decision making of leaders in Malaysia and Saudi Arabia were explored. The research would assist in comprehending the dynamics of leadership in both countries, in subtle and nuanced ways evoked by the collective information from leaders. This understanding contributes to a sense of clarity and direction for the future generations of the two countries. The results of this research may be of interest to Malaysian and Saudi leaders and all of those working in the leadership field in the two countries. The findings suggest that there are many more similarities between the styles of the leadership, negotiation and decision making of the leaders from the two countries than there were differences. The leaders from both countries practice a mix of leadership styles depending on the context they are leading, but it is noticed that the adoption of transformative leadership style was common among the leaders. It seems that culture had an impact on the way leadership is practiced in the two countries. The leaders in this research seem to excel in most of the areas of the proposed framework

Makroekonomik Göstergeler İle Döviz Kuru Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi: (2005:01-2019:10) Türkiye Uygulaması

Amaç – Bu çalışmanın amacı, makroekonomik göstergeler ile döviz kuru arasındaki ilişkiyi hem uzun hem de kısa dönem Türkiye’ye ait (2005:01-2019:10) dönemleri kapsayan aylık veriler kullanılarak belirlenmesidir. Aynı zamanda döviz kurlarının etkin bir şekilde yönlendirilebilmesi için döviz kurlarını etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi Türkiye’de ekonomik politika düzenleyici ve denetleyici otoritelerin döviz kurlarını kontrol altında tutmalarına yardımcı olmaya çalışılmıştır. Yöntem – Döviz kuru ile makroekonomik göstergeler arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek amacıyla zaman seri analizi yapılmıştır. Uygulama kapsamına alınan değişkenlerin durağanlık tespiti için de birim kök testi uygulanmıştır. Birim kök testi neticesinde serilerin farklı mertebelerden durağan olması nedeniyle değişkenler arasındaki uzun ve kısa dönem ilişkilerinin belirlenmesi için ise ARDL sınır testi yapılmıştır. Bulgular – ARDL sınır testi neticesine göre döviz kuru ile makroekonomik değişkenler arasında eş bütünleşme ilişkisinin olduğu sonucuna varılmış ve uzun dönemde döviz kuru ile faiz ve enflasyon arasında pozitif bir ilişki bulunurken döviz kuru ile işsizlik, para arzı (M1) ve dış ticaret dengesi arasında ise negatif bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Kısa dönemde döviz kuru ile dış ticaret dengesi arasında negatif bir ilişkiye rastlanılırken döviz kuru ile analiz kapsamına alınan diğer tüm değişkenler arasında ise pozitif bir ilişkiye rastlanılmıştır. Aynı zamanda hata düzeltme modelin değeri de negatif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı çıkmıştır. Tartışma – Günümüzde döviz kuru Dünya genelinde makroekonomik göstergeler arasında en çok tartışılan ekonomik konulardan birisidir. Teorilere göre döviz kurların belirlenmesinde makroekonomik faktörlerin önemli rol oynadığı vurgulanmaktadır. Döviz kurlarının etkin bir şekilde yönlendirilebilmesi amacıyla döviz kurlarını etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi ekonomik politika düzenleyici ve denetleyici otoriteler açısından önem arz etmektedir

The Effect of Altering the Mechanical Loading Environment on the Expression of Bone Regenerating Molecules in Cases of Distraction Osteogenesis

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a surgical technique where gradual and controlled separation of two bony fragments following an osteotomy leads to the induction of new bone formation in the distracted gap. DO is used for limb lengthening, correction of bony deformities, and the replacement of bone loss secondary to infection, trauma, and tumors. Although DO gives satisfactory results in most cases, one major drawback of this technique is the prolonged period of time the external fixator has to be kept on until the newly formed bone consolidates thus leading to numerous complications. Numerous attempts at accelerating bone formation during DO have been reported. One specific approach is manipulation of the mechanical environment during DO by applying changes in the standard protocol of distraction. Attempts at changing this mechanical environment led to mixed results. Increasing the rate or applying acute distraction, led to poor bone formation in the distracted zone. On the other hand, the addition of compressive forces (such as weight bearing, alternating distraction with compression or by over-lengthening, and then shortening) has been reported to increase bone formation. It still remains unclear why these alterations may lead to changes in bone formation. While the cellular and molecular changes occurring during the standard DO protocol, specifically increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1, platelet-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and bone morphogenic proteins have been extensively investigated, the literature is sparse on the changes occurring when this protocol is altered. It is the purpose of this article to review the pertinent literature on the changes in the expression of various proteins and molecules as a result of changes in the mechanical loading technique in DO and try to define potential future research directions

Direct Anterior Versus Direct Lateral Hip Approach in Total Hip Arthroplasty With the Same Perioperative Protocols One Year Post Fellowship Training

BACKGROUND: Variable results have been reported regarding the clinical outcomes in Total hip arthroplasty (THA) based on the surgical approach. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical outcomes between Direct anterior (DA) and direct lateral (DL) approaches in THA when performed immediately after fellowship training. METHODS: During the 1st year of practice, all consecutive patients who underwent THA via DA and DL hip approaches were retrospectively investigated. Patients\u27 demographics, diagnosis, American society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score, route of anesthesia, length of hospital stay (LOS), leg length discrepancy (LLD), radiographic parameters, operative time, number of opioids refills postoperatively, and complications were collected and compared between the two groups. The short form of Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome score, Joint Replacement (HOOS, JR) was prospectively collected pre and postoperatively. The minimum follow-up period was 2 years. RESULTS: Forty patients in DA group and 38 patients in DL group were included. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of demographics, diagnosis, ASA scores, route of anesthesia at the time of THA, postoperative radiographic parameters, LOS, LLD, opioid refills and HOOS scores (p \u3e 0.05). Patients in the DA group had shorter operative time (83 ± 17 min) when compared to the DL group (93 ± 24 min) (p = 0.03). No major complications were found except for one early deep infection patient in DL group. CONCLUSION: Both DA and DL approaches resulted in satisfactory outcomes in THA when performed by a fellowship trained surgeon

Clinical Study The Accordion Maneuver: A Noninvasive Strategy for Absent or Delayed Callus Formation in Cases of Limb Lengthening

The distraction osteogenesis (DO) technique has been used worldwide to treat many orthopaedic conditions. Although successful, absent or delayed callus formation in the distraction gap can lead to significant morbidities. An alternate cycle of distractioncompression (accordion maneuver) is one approach to accelerate bone regeneration. The primary aim of our study is to report our experience with the accordion maneuver during DO and to provide a detailed description of this technique, as performed in our center. The secondary aim is to present a review of the literature regarding the use of accordion maneuver. We reviewed the database of all patients undergoing limb lengthening from the year of 1997 to 2012. Four patients (6.15%) out of 65 showed poor bone regenerate in their tibiae and therefore accordion maneuver was applied for a mean of 6.75 weeks. Of these, three patients have had successful outcome with this technique. The literature showed that this technique is successful approach to trigger bone healing. However, details of how and when to apply this combination of distraction-compression forces were lacking. In conclusion, the accordion technique is safe noninvasive approach to promote bone formation, thus avoiding more invasive surgical procedures in cases of poor callus formation in limb lengthening

The effect of systemic administration of sclerostin antibodies in a mouse model of distraction osteogenesis

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a surgical technique widely used to treat complex orthopaedic conditions. One limitation of this technique is the long period the external fixator needs to be left in place until the newly form bone is completely consolidated. This might lead to significant morbidities in terms of persistent pain, risk of pin tracts infection and negative psychological impact on patients and their families. Although the use of sclerostin antibodies (Scl-Ab) has shown promising results to enhance bone repair in various animal models, its effect in DO remains to be determined. We hypothesized that the systemic administration of Scl-Ab can accelerate bone regeneration in a mouse model of DO. A total of 110 mice were randomized to saline versus Scl-Ab injection groups. After DO surgery in the right tibiae, mice were injected intraveounsly once weekly with Scl-Ab (100mg/kg) versus saline (0.1 ml). Mice were sacrificed at four time points, day 11 (mid-distraction phase), day 17 (end of distraction), day 34 (mid-conslidation) and day 51 (end of conslidation). Radiographic (Faxitron), microstructural (μCT), and qualitative histological analysis were performed for the lengthened tibiae at all time points. In addition, biomechanical testing was performed at day 34 and 51. Micro-CT results showed an increase of bone volume in the Scl-Ab treated group at day 11 (P=0.009) when compared to the saline group. A trend toward increase bone volume was observed in the Scl-Ab groups at day 17, 34 and 51 (P>0.05). Histological results showed predominately presence of chondrocytes and fibrocartilages in Scl-Ab group at day 11 when compared to the saline group. Radiographic bone scores were higher in the Scl-Ab treated groups at all time points with P=0.04 at day 11. Biomechanical analysis revealed a trend toward higher values of ultimate force and work to ultimate point in Scl-Ab treated groups at day 34 and 51 (P>0.05) when compared to the saline groups. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the benefits of Scl-Ab on acceleration of bone regeneration and suggest its potential utility in clinical situations to reduce the treatment period with an external fixator during DO procedures.La distraction osseuse (DO) est une technique chirurgicale largement utilisé pour traiter des conditions orthopédiques complexes. Une des limites de cette technique est le temps que le fixateur externe doit être laissé en place jusqu'à l'os nouvel soit complètement consolidé. Cela pourrait conduire à des comorbidités significatives en termes de douleur persistante, augmenter le risque d’infection des broches et l'impact psychologique négatif sur les patients et leurs familles. Sclerostin, est une glycoprotéine sécrétée qui interagit avec la protéine liée à la lipoprotéine receptor-5 (LRP5) et inhibe la voie de signalisation Wnt intracellulaire, ce qui conduit à une diminution de l'activité de la formation osseuse par les ostéoblastes. Lorsque Sclerostin est inactivée, la formation osseuse est donc stimulée. Nous émettons l'hypothèse que l'administration systémique d'anticorps sclérostine (Scl-Ab) peut accélérer la régénération osseuse dans une modèle de souris de la DO. Un total de 110 souris ont été randomisés à injections salées contre les groupes d'injections Scl-Ab. Après la chirurgie DO dans la tibia droit, les souris ont reçu une injection une fois par semaine avec Scl-Ab intraveineuse (100 mg / kg) par rapport à une injection de solution saline (0,1 ml). Les souris ont été sacrifiées à quatre points differents, dans le jour 11 (phase mi-distraction), 17 jours (fin de la distraction), 34 jours (mi-conslidation) et à 51 jours (fin de conslidation). L'analyse radiographique (Faxitron), de la microstructure (μCT), et histologique qualitative ont été effectuées aux tibias allongé à tous les points de temps. Aussi, les tests biomécaniques ont été réalisée au jour 34 et 51. Les résultats de Micro-CT ont montré une augmentation du volume osseux dans le groupe traité Scl-Ab à 11 jours (p = 0,009) par rapport au groupe de solution saline. Une tendance vers le volume augmentation osseuse a été observée dans les groupes Scl-Ab au jour 17, 34 et 51 (P> 0,05). Les résultats histologiques ont montré principalement la présence de chondrocytes et fibrocartilages dans le groupe Scl-Ab à 11 jours par rapport au groupe de solution saline. Les scores radiographiques de remplissage osseous étaient plus élevés aux groups avec Scl-Ab à tous les points de temps avec P = 0,04 au jour 11. L’analyse biomécanique révélé une tendance vers des valeurs plus élevées de force ultime et le travail à point ultime aux groupes avec Scl-Ab à 34 jours et 51 (P> 0,05) par rapport aux groupes avec salins. En conclusion, nos données démontrent les avantages de Scl-Ab sur l'accélération de la régénération osseuse et suggère son utilité potentielle dans des situations cliniques afin de réduire la période de traitement avec un fixateur externe au cours des procédures DO

Planning and Assessment of Alternative Forest Road and Skidding Networks

Road construction and harvesting operation have always been the two most expensive activities in forestry. The aim of this paper is to define a method to evaluate the forest road network variants. For this purpose,, the forest was sampled with the use of a systematic grid of 150 m by 200 m spacing by an inventory group. In each grid point the terrain conditions and stand data collected by the inventory group were analyzed using GIS. The forest was evaluated and maps of »Forest Potential for Road Construction« (FPRC) and »Forest Capacity for Harvesting« (FCH) were prepared, and then the first network was designed and costs were calculated. The skidding costs of each cross point were calculated for 3 types of extraction machines (two skidders and one farm tractor) and considering the results some better networks were designed. Finally a network was accepted in which not only the environmental impacts were decreased, but the costs of road network and skidding were minimized, so that the most suitable place for each skidder was determined and presented on a map using Linear Programming (LP)

Towards a substantive theory of leadership negotiation and decision making of leaders

This paper presents a review of the literature on leadership and a description of the proposed Leadership Framework, through which the leadership capabilities of various leaders would be viewed. The framework has been developed by innovating and adapting from knowledge and information made available from previous literature and research works. The literature review describes source theories of leadership, the early emphasis on great man theories, traits theories, behavioral theories, the contingency theories and finally the ‘new theories of leadership’, which place great importance on vision, and the concept of transformational leadership, in which charisma and a leader’s motives, beliefs and values are equally important. The leadership framework proposed consists of six elements or windows; namely vision, strategy, structure, process which involves negotiation and decision making, personal proficiency and leadership grooming