The Guilds of Law in Medieval Legal History: An Inquiry into the Origins of the Inns of Court

Medieval England presents the student of legal history with a number of interesting peculiarities. Among these are the common law and the schools where it was taught, the Inns of Court. English law was the only native law in medieval Europe, functioning distinctly from both civil and canon law. It was judge-made, and followed the case-law method peculiar to it, distinct from the codification system of civil and canon law. Its schools, the Inns of Court, were, in Christendom, the only law schools of their kind that came out of the Middle Ages into modern times. These and other features belonged to England alone among all the nations of Europe. Strangely enough, it shared these features only with Islam. The extant sources contain no direct evidence of a connection between the two systems. Yet the similarities between them were peculiar to them alone; of this there can be no doubt. This paper will discuss two problems in the legal history of classical Islam and medieval England: one concerns the question of the existence of guilds in medieval Baghdad; the other concerns the origin of the Inns of Court in medieval London. I hope to show that the two problems are interconnected through a set of similar attributes, and that each present’s elements susceptible of shedding light on the other. This effort may help to dispel the doubt as to the existence of Islamic guilds, while suggesting an answer to the problem of the origins of the Inns of Court. English legal historians have pointed out that the origins of their legal profession are exceedingly obscure and that, in the attempt to trace its development in England, continental analogies afford no guidance

Use of extracorporeal membranous oxygenator in transcatheter aortic valve replacement

The superiority of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) compared with medical therapy for patients with aortic stenosis (AS) who are not suitable candidates for surgery had been proven. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is rarely used in TAVR. Reports of early use of extracorporeal membranous oxygenator (ECMO) have promising outcomes. ECMO offers the option of cardiac support rescue in case of intraoperative hemodynamic instability and can be instituted in advance when hemodynamic instability is expected. Here we review the English literature about the use of ECMO in TAVR procedures, and discuss the indications and rationale for its use as well as its advantages

Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) review of a lifesaving technology

Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) indications and usage has strikingly progressed over the last 20 years; it has become essential tool in the care of adults and children with severe cardiac and pulmonary dysfunction refractory to conventional management. In this article we will provide a review of ECMO development, clinical indications, patients' management, options and cannulations techniques, complications, outcomes, and the appropriate strategy of organ management while on ECMO

Extra corporeal membrane oxygenation support: ethical dilemmas

The vast expansion of patients treated with of extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) emerge novel ethical questions about the use of this new technology. In regard the indications, duration of support and timing of withdrawal of support, these questions sometimes create disagreement among surrogates, between health care team and surrogates, and even disagreement among health care team, these disagreements occurs because of the extreme emergency of support initiation, the ambiguity of the outcome as well as lack of clarity on the intended treatment direction, whether it is ineffective, bridge to recovery or bridge to lifetime mechanical support or transplant. In this article we discuss these questions through patients\u27 scenarios

Ethical challenges and terminal deactivation of left ventricular assist device

This rapid increase in the use of left ventricular assist devices (LAVD) and modalities of use, raised ethical questions about its use, patient’s autonomy as in most of the time the patient and surrogates are overwhelmed with the critical condition the patient is presenting with, and the details about this new technology

Contemporary surgical management of thoracic empyema

In the USA, one million patients diagnosed with pneumonia are admitted each year and among these, 32,000 patients develop empyema (1,2). Empyema is associated with a high morbidity and mortality (2,3). Empyema was first described by Hippocrates 2,400 years ago. He also performed the first pleural drainage when he created a burr hole to drain the infected fluids and performed daily irrigation (4). Thoracic empyema is defined as either presence of bacterial organisms and/or presence of grossly purulent fluid in the pleural cavity. A positive culture is not required for diagnosis of patients previously on antibiotics. As well, in the case when a sampling was taken of the inflammatory fluid from around the infected empyema fluid, or in anaerobic bacterial infections which are difficult to be cultured

Ethical challenges in extra corporeal membrane oxygenation use

The immense increase of patients treated with extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the last few years, along with the uncertainty of outcomes as well as the lack of clarity on the intended treatment direction, these situations which are considered by some to be just delaying of death and even worse than death. These circumstances create disagreements among surrogates, and between health care providers and surrogates, and emerge unique ethical challenges about the use of this new technology. In this article we discuss these challenging questions

The Guilds of Law in Medieval Legal History: An Inquiry into the Origins of the Inns of Court

Medieval England presents the student of legal history with a number of interesting peculiarities. Among these are the common law and the schools where it was taught, the Inns of Court. English law was the only native law in medieval Europe, functioning distinctly from both civil and canon law. It was judge-made, and followed the case-law method peculiar to it, distinct from the codification system of civil and canon law. Its schools, the Inns of Court, were, in Christendom, the only law schools of their kind that came out of the Middle Ages into modern times. These and other features belonged to England alone among all the nations of Europe. Strangely enough, it shared these features only with Islam. The extant sources contain no direct evidence of a connection between the two systems. Yet the similarities between them were peculiar to them alone; of this there can be no doubt. This paper will discuss two problems in the legal history of classical Islam and medieval England: one concerns the question of the existence of guilds in medieval Baghdad; the other concerns the origin of the Inns of Court in medieval London. I hope to show that the two problems are interconnected through a set of similar attributes, and that each present’s elements susceptible of shedding light on the other. This effort may help to dispel the doubt as to the existence of Islamic guilds, while suggesting an answer to the problem of the origins of the Inns of Court. English legal historians have pointed out that the origins of their legal profession are exceedingly obscure and that, in the attempt to trace its development in England, continental analogies afford no guidance