International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Tin-porphyrin sensitized TiO2 for the production of H-2 under visible light

Hydrogen was successfully produced under visible light irradiation in a tin porphyrin (SnP)-sensitized TiO2 system in the wide pH range (pH 3-11) although SnP hardly adsorbs on TiO2. The number of H-2 produced in the SnP/TiO2 system after 9 h irradiation corresponds to the turnover number of 410. The apparent photonic efficiency for H-2 evolution was estimated to be 35% with the monochromatic radiation of 550 +/- 10 nm. The photochemical production of hydrogen is mediated through the formation of the p-radical anion (SnP center dot-) that subsequently transfers electron to TiO2. The photogenerated SnP center dot- was monitored by transient absorption spectroscopy and its lifetime is long enough to survive the slow diffusion from the solution bulk to the TiO2 surface, which makes the adsorption of SnP on TiO2 not required for hydrogen production. This is clearly contrasted with the common ruthenium complex-sensitized TiO2 system where the adsorption of the sensitizer complex is essentially required and the hydrogen production is limited to the acidic condition where the adsorption of the sensitizers on TiO2 is allowed. The photocatalytic activity of SnP was mainly attributed to the Q-band (500-650 nm), not to the Soret band (420-430 nm) of which absorption intensity is much higher.open118384sciescopu

Selective Oxidative Degradation of Organic Pollutants by Singlet Oxygen-Mediated Photosensitization: Tin Porphyrin versus C-60 Aminofullerene Systems

This study evaluates the potential application of tin porphyrin- and C-60 aminofullerene-derivatized silica (SnP/silica and aminoC(60)/silica) as O-1(2) generating systems for photochemical degradation of organic pollutants. Photosensitized O-1(2) production with SnP/silica, which was faster than with aminoC(60)/silica, effectively oxidized a variety of pharmaceuticals. Significant degradation of pharmaceuticals in the presence of the 400-nm UV cutoff filter corroborated visible light activation of both photosensitizers. Whereas the efficacy of aminoC(60)/silica for O-1(2) production drastically decreased under irradiation with lambda > 550 nm, Q-band absorption caused negligible loss of the photosensitizing activity of SnP/silica in the long wavelength region. Faster destruction of phenolates by SnP/silica and aminoC60/silica under alkaline pH conditions further implicated O-1(2) involvement in the oxidative degradation. Direct charge transfer mediated by SO, which was inferred from nanosecond laser flash photolysis, induced significant degradation of neutral phenols under high power light irradiation. Self-sensitized destruction caused gradual activity loss of SnP/silica in reuse tests unlike aminoC(60)/silica. The kinetic comparison of SnP/silica and TiO2 photocatalyst in real wastewater effluents showed that photosensitized singlet oxygenation of pharmaceuticals was still efficiently achieved in the presence of background organic matters, while significant interference was observed for photocatalyzed oxidation involving non-selective OH radical.X117460sciescopu