Wheeling Charges Methodology for Deregulated Electricity Markets using Tracing-based Postage Stamp Methods

MW-mile and Postage-stamp methods is traditionally used by electric utilities to determine a fixed transmission cost among users of firm transmission service. MW-Mile method is charging the users by determining the actual paths the power follows through the network. However, this method is not sufficient to recover the total transmission system cost. To recover the total transmission system cost, the Postage Stamp Method is adopted. This method is simple but its main drawback is that the charges paid by each user do not reflect the actual use of the network but based on the average usage of the entire network. This paper proposes a new wheeling charges methodology using tracing-based postage stamp methods. The proposed method allocates transmission costs among the generators proportional to the total power delivered to the load through transmission lines. The proposed method incorporates with generalised generation distribution factors to trace the contribution of each generator to the line flow. One unique feature of the proposed method is the consideration of the local load on the power flow allocation. Two case studies of 3-bus and IEEE 14-bus systems are used to illustrate the proposed method. Results show that the proposed method provides fair and equitable wheeling charges to generators reflecting the actual usage of the transmission system

EFFECT OF ADHESIVE THICKNESS ON ADHESIVELY BONDED T-JOINT

ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to analyze the effect of adhesive thickness on tensile strength of adhesively bonded stainless steel T-joint. Specimens were made from SUS 304 Stainless Steel plate and SUS 304 Stainless Steel perforated plate. Four T-joint specimens with different adhesive thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm) were made. Experiment result shows T-joint specimen with adhesive thickness of 1.0 mm yield highest maximum load. Identical T-joint specimen jointed by spot welding was also tested. Tensile test shows welded T-Joint had eight times higher tensile load than adhesively bonded T-joint. However, in low pressure application such as urea granulator chamber, high tensile strength is not mandatory. This work is useful for designer in fertilizer industry and others who are searching for alternative to spot welding

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding Effectiveness (SE) of Unsaturated Polyester Resin with Carbon Black Fillers

This paper presents the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) investigation of carbon black filled polyester composites. The composition of the polymer composite ranging from 4, 6, 8 and 10wt % of carbon black to unsaturated polyester resin was prepared. Two types of carbon black were used in this project, carbon black derived from water hyacinth and commercially available activated carbon black. The S (scattering)-parameters (S11 and S21) of polyester composites were measured and compared between the two types of carbon black; carbon black derived from water hyacinth and activated carbon black. The shielding effectiveness was determined from measured S11 and S21 parameters. It was observed that the shielding effectiveness of the composites is frequency dependent and filler loading dependent. According to the results, the contribution of absorption to shielding effectiveness of both carbon blacks is greater than 83 % at 3 GHz. The analyzed results showed that the percentage of shielding effectiveness of polyester composite reinforced with naturally derived carbon black is similar to those with activated carbon black. The result also showed that the contribution of absorption to the shielding effectiveness was larger than that of reflection. This research suggests that polyester composite with carbon black derived naturally from water hyacinth can be used as a replacement for the commercially available activated carbon black as a shielding material in medical applications

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of V-Shaped Epoxy Adhesive Joints

This paper deals with the stress and failure characteristics of V-shaped epoxy adhesive joints. The effect of scarf angles upon failure morphology was investigated by tensile tests and monitoring using high speed cameras. V-shaped specimens were fabricated with three bond thicknesses, t (i.e. 0.2mm, 0.6mm, and 1.0mm) and various scarf angles (i.e. θ = 30˚, 45˚, 60˚, 75˚, and 90˚). From failure surface observation, failure morphology can be divided into five types, consisting of interface failure and/or cohesive failure. Shear stress plays a major role in failure morphology where higher shear stress favors interface failure in the specimens tested. A simple failure criterion is also proposed based on the results obtained. It is found that the proposed criterion can approximately predict the failure stress of V-shaped epoxy adhesive joint specimens. For stress analysis, V-shaped epoxy adhesive joints having bond thicknesses t = 1.0mm, and with various scarf angles (i.e. θ = 30˚, 45˚, 60˚, 75˚, and 90˚), were modelled. Stress singularity observed in simulation plays a major role in failure morphology where higher singularity favors cohesive failure in the specimens tested in experiment

Integrated Personality Profiling Framework Using Traits and Factors Theory for Malaysian HLI Enrolment: A New Approach

Personality profiling is importantespecially in education and human resourcemanagement. Inability to identify individuals’personality may cause misunderstanding ofones potential; and further more, he/she mightfail to recognize his/her own career or academicdirection. This study aimed to develop anintegrated personality framework; using Traitand Factor Theory of Occupational Choice. Thecompleted framework was used as the coreconcept of integrated profiling instrument, namedas Integrated Personality Profiling (i-PRO).The main beneficiary of the completed (i-PRO)will be students, academics and non-academicpersonnel. The sample for this initial study was380 students from one Higher Learning Institution(HLI) in Malaysia. The sampling method usedwas random sampling. The study was done toexplore the Holland’s 3-code interest traits amongengineering students of the said HLI. One of thedeveloped domain used in this initial study wascareer interest domain. The Holland’s 3-codetypologies for Higher Learning Institution (HLI)respondents are Investigative, Social and Realistic(I, S, R)

A Rotating Disc Electrochemical Reactor to Produce Iron Powder for the Co2-Free Iron Fuel Cycle

Iron (Fe) is a promising candidate for energy carriers due to its high energy density, abundance, and transportability. Energy is released during the combustion of iron powder. Iron oxide particles are the product of combustion, which can be easily collected and reduced back to metallic iron, thus enforcing an iron fuel cycle. Electrochemical reduction of iron oxide in alkaline media is a promising approach for the reduction process as it is CO2-free and requires low temperature/energy. In the context of the iron fuel cycle, we promote electroreduction with dendrite-rich structures rather than compact deposit layers for easy harvesting and conversion of deposits to iron powder. This study presents the design and performance of an electrochemical reactor with a rotating disc system, designed for the continuous production of electrolytic iron powder. The reactor facilitates an integrated and automated process of electroreduction of iron oxide (from electroreduction to cleaning, drying, and dendrite/powder harvesting). Our proof of concept experiments show that iron deposits with dendritic structures can be produced in various conditions (anode configurations and rotating speeds), and are mainly located on the disc edge. The growth of dendrites at the edge of the disc favour harvesting and conversion to iron powder. Current efficiencies of more than 85-90 % are achieved in this study. Insights from the present study open new perspectives for the circularity of the iron fuel cycle. Furthermore, this technique provides a novel contribution to powder production in sustainable iron/steel-making technologies

Renal pericytes: regulators of medullary blood flow

Regulation of medullary blood flow (MBF) is essential in maintaining normal kidney function. Blood flow to the medulla is supplied by the descending vasa recta (DVR), which arise from the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary glomeruli. DVR are composed of a continuous endothelium, intercalated with smooth muscle-like cells called pericytes. Pericytes have been shown to alter the diameter of isolated and in situ DVR in response to vasoactive stimuli that are transmitted via a network of autocrine and paracrine signalling pathways. Vasoactive stimuli can be released by neighbouring tubular epithelial, endothelial, red blood cells and neuronal cells in response to changes in NaCl transport and oxygen tension. The experimentally described sensitivity of pericytes to these stimuli strongly suggests their leading role in the phenomenon of MBF autoregulation. Because the debate on autoregulation of MBF fervently continues, we discuss the evidence favouring a physiological role for pericytes in the regulation of MBF and describe their potential role in tubulo-vascular cross-talk in this region of the kidney. Our review also considers current methods used to explore pericyte activity and function in the renal medulla

Stress-Strain Response Modelling of Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composite Pipes under Multiaxial Loadings

This paper presents the modelling of the stress strain response of glass fiber reinforced epoxy (GRE) composite pipes subjected to multiaxial loadings at room temperature (RT). This particular modeling work was developed to predict the non-linear stress strain response caused by the fatigue cyclic and static loading in the multiaxial ultimate elastic wall stress (UEWS) tests by considering the effects of matrix cracking within the laminates. The UEWS test, whilst not yet standardized, appears to offer an attractive alternative to existing procedures of qualifying GRE pipes. The ply properties initially expressed as a function of crack density were computed as a function of increasing stress and strain using shear lag approximation. The results show that the model developed from the classical laminate theory which takes into account whether the effects of transverse matrix micro-cracks on stiffness and strains is capable of predicting the resulted elastic properties. The predictions are found to be in good agreement with the data from multiaxial UEWS tests on ±55° filament wound glass-reinforced epoxy pipes

Free q-Schrodinger Equation from Homogeneous Spaces of the 2-dim Euclidean Quantum Group

After a preliminary review of the definition and the general properties of the homogeneous spaces of quantum groups, the quantum hyperboloid qH and the quantum plane qP are determined as homogeneous spaces of Fq(E(2)). The canonical action of Eq(2) is used to define a natural q-analog of the free Schro"dinger equation, that is studied in the momentum and angular momentum bases. In the first case the eigenfunctions are factorized in terms of products of two q-exponentials. In the second case we determine the eigenstates of the unitary representation, which, in the qP case, are given in terms of Hahn-Exton functions. Introducing the universal T-matrix for Eq(2) we prove that the Hahn-Exton as well as Jackson q-Bessel functions are also obtained as matrix elements of T, thus giving the correct extension to quantum groups of well known methods in harmonic analysis.Comment: 19 pages, plain tex, revised version with added materia