20 research outputs found
Convergence of knowledge in a cultural evolution model with population structure, random social learning and credibility biases
25 pagesUnderstanding how knowledge is created and propagates within groups is crucial to explain how human populations have evolved through time. Anthropologists have relied on different theoretical models to address this question. In this work, we introduce a mathematically oriented model that shares properties with individual based approaches, inhomogeneous Markov chains and learning algorithms, such as those introduced in [F. Cucker, S. Smale, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc, 39 (1), 2002] and [F. Cucker, S. Smale and D. X Zhou, Found. Comput. Math., 2004]. After deriving the model, we study some of its mathematical properties, and establish theoretical and quantitative results in a simplified case. Finally, we run numerical simulations to illustrate some properties of the model
Convergence of knowledge in a cultural evolution model with population structure, random social learning and credibility biases
Understanding how knowledge is created and propagates within groups is crucial to explain how human populations have evolved through time. Anthropologists have relied on different theoretical models to address this question. In this work, we introduce a mathematically oriented model that shares properties with individual based approaches, inhomogeneous Markov chains and learning algorithms, such as those introduced in [F. Cucker, S. Smale, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 39 (1), 2002] and [F. Cucker, S. Smale and D.~X Zhou, Found. Comput. Math., 2004]. After deriving the model, we study some of its mathematical properties, and establish theoretical and quantitative results in a simplified case. Finally, we run numerical simulations to illustrate some properties of the model
Convergence of knowledge in a cultural evolution model with population structure, random social learning and credibility biases
Understanding how knowledge is created and propagates within groups is crucial to explain how human populations have evolved through time. Anthropologists have relied on different theoretical models to address this question. In this work, we introduce a mathematically oriented model that shares properties with individual based approaches, inhomogeneous Markov chains and learning algorithms, such as those introduced in [F. Cucker, S. Smale, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 39 (1), 2002] and [F. Cucker, S. Smale and D.~X Zhou, Found. Comput. Math., 2004]. After deriving the model, we study some of its mathematical properties, and establish theoretical and quantitative results in a simplified case. Finally, we run numerical simulations to illustrate some properties of the model
Ătude du conflit entre sĂ©lection sexuelle et adaptation : une approche mathĂ©matique
Sexual preferences play a major role in the process of adaptation and speciation. While preferences for adaptive traits have been extensively studied, but various targets of preference are observed in natural populations, including attractions towards dissimilar or maladaptive traits . During my thesis, I focused on these peculiar forms of sexual preferences. I used mathematical modelling to identify the conditions for the evolution of mate preference targeting locally adaptive vs. maladaptive traits. I focused on the evolution of preference targeting warning traits, associated with defence against predators as a case study. Warning colorations reduce predation when they become widespread in a given environment: the local community of predators learns to associate the warning trait with defence and then avoid attacks on prey displaying them. Warning coloration are thus a relevant example of convergent evolution driven by local adaptation. Because these colorations can also be used as a cue during mate choice, they appear as a relevant trait to study the interactions between preference evolution and local selection on the preferred cue in sympatric species. First, I focused on the evolution of disassortative mating in polymorphic populations. I focused on the species H. numata, which display polymorphism in warning signals, controlled by a single supergene. Using numerical simulations, I studied how disassortative preferences, leading to preference on locally maladaptive phenotypes can emerge. I showed that the recessive deleterious mutations usually associated with supergenes promotes the evolution of disassortative preference (chapter 1). I also identified the genetic architecture of trait and preference allowing the evolution of disassortative preference. I then used a more general model focusing on polymorphic traits used as mating cues, to identify the conditions on dominance relationships between cues alleles and on their association with deleterious mutations allowing the evolution of disassortative mating (chapter 2). Second, I focused on the effect of reproductive interference between sympatric species on the evolution of preferences. Since local adaptation promotes trait similarity between sympatric species, preference for locally adapted traits may be impaired by reproductive interference. Using quantitative genetics models, I studied the conditions allowing the evolution of preference towards locally non-adapted traits limiting reproductive interference, and its consequences on local adaptation (chapter 3) and sexual dimorphism (chapter 4). Third, I investigated why and when mate preference targets traits involved in local adaptation rather than neutral traits that may diverge between sympatric species (chapter 5). Altogether, this thesis highlights the origin of sexual preferences and shows various conditions where disassortative or maladaptive preference can emerge. I conclude with a critical review highlighting the high prevalence of disassortative mate preference in nature and its peculiar role in the processes of adaptation and speciation.Les prĂ©fĂ©rences sexuelles jouent un rĂŽle majeur dans le processus d'adaptation et de spĂ©ciation. Alors que les prĂ©fĂ©rences pour les traits adaptĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© bien Ă©tudiĂ©es, des prĂ©fĂ©rences envers divers traits sont observĂ©es dans les populations naturelles, y compris des prĂ©fĂ©rences envers des traits dissemblables ou inadaptĂ©s . Au cours de ma thĂšse, jâai Ă©tudiĂ© ces formes particuliĂšres de prĂ©fĂ©rences sexuelles. J'ai utilisĂ© des approches de modĂ©lisation mathĂ©matique afin dâidentifier les conditions menant Ă lâĂ©volution de prĂ©fĂ©rences sexuelles basĂ©es sur des traits adaptĂ©s ou, par contraste, mal-adaptĂ©s. Je me suis concentrĂ© sur l'Ă©volution de prĂ©fĂ©rences ciblant des signaux dâavertissement, associĂ©s Ă des dĂ©fenses contre les prĂ©dateurs. Un signal dâavertissement, rĂ©duit la prĂ©dation lorsqu'il devient localement rĂ©pandu : la communautĂ© locale de prĂ©dateurs apprend Ă associer le signal Ă une dĂ©fense et Ă©vite alors d'attaquer les proies prĂ©sentant ce signal. Les signaux dâavertissement sont donc un exemple pertinent d'Ă©volution convergente promue par une adaptation locale. Comme ces signaux peuvent Ă©galement ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s lors du choix du partenaire, ils apparaissent comme un trait pertinent pour Ă©tudier les interactions entre l'Ă©volution des prĂ©fĂ©rences et la sĂ©lection locale chez des espĂšces sympatriques. Tout d'abord, je me suis concentrĂ© sur l'Ă©volution de l'hĂ©tĂ©rogamie dans les populations polymorphes, en particulier, sur l'espĂšce H. numata, qui prĂ©sente un polymorphisme de patrons de coloration, contrĂŽlĂ© par un seul supergĂšne. A l'aide de simulations numĂ©riques, j'ai Ă©tudiĂ© lâĂ©mergence de prĂ©fĂ©rences hĂ©tĂ©rogames conduisant Ă une prĂ©fĂ©rence pour des phĂ©notypes localement inadaptĂ©s. J'ai ainsi montrĂ© que les mutations dĂ©lĂ©tĂšres rĂ©cessives habituellement associĂ©es aux supergĂšnes favorisent l'Ă©volution de la prĂ©fĂ©rence hĂ©tĂ©rogame (chapitre 1). J'ai Ă©galement identifiĂ© les architectures gĂ©nĂ©tiques des traits et des prĂ©fĂ©rences permettant l'Ă©volution de prĂ©fĂ©rences hĂ©tĂ©rogames. J'ai ensuite utilisĂ© un modĂšle plus gĂ©nĂ©ral se concentrant sur les traits polymorphes utilisĂ©s dans les prĂ©fĂ©rences sexuelles, pour identifier les conditions sur les relations de dominance entre les allĂšles de trait et sur leur association avec des mutations dĂ©lĂ©tĂšres permettant l'Ă©volution de lâhĂ©tĂ©rogamie (chapitre 2). DeuxiĂšmement, jâai Ă©tudiĂ© l'effet de l'interfĂ©rence reproductive entre espĂšces sympatriques sur l'Ă©volution des prĂ©fĂ©rences. Puisque l'adaptation locale favorise la ressemblance des traits entre les espĂšces sympatriques, la prĂ©fĂ©rence pour les traits adaptĂ©s localement peut ĂȘtre altĂ©rĂ©e par l'interfĂ©rence reproductive. En utilisant des modĂšles de gĂ©nĂ©tique quantitative, j'ai Ă©tudiĂ© les conditions permettant l'Ă©volution de prĂ©fĂ©rences envers des traits localement non-adaptĂ©s limitant l'interfĂ©rence reproductive, et ses consĂ©quences sur l'adaptation locale (chapitre 3) et le dimorphisme sexuel (chapitre 4). Enfin, j'ai Ă©tudiĂ© pourquoi et quand les prĂ©fĂ©rences sexuelles ciblent des traits impliquĂ©s dans l'adaptation locale plutĂŽt que des traits neutres qui peuvent diverger entre espĂšces sympatriques (chapitre 5). Dans l'ensemble, cette thĂšse met en lumiĂšre l'origine des prĂ©fĂ©rences sexuelles et montre les diffĂ©rentes conditions dans lesquelles des prĂ©fĂ©rences hĂ©tĂ©rogames ou des prĂ©fĂ©rences envers des traits localement mal-adaptĂ©s peuvent Ă©merger. Je conclus par une revue critique soulignant la prĂ©valence des prĂ©fĂ©rences hĂ©tĂ©rogames dans les populations naturelles et de leurs rĂŽles dans les processus d'adaptation et de spĂ©ciation
Ătude du conflit entre sĂ©lection sexuelle et adaptation : une approche mathĂ©matique
Les prĂ©fĂ©rences sexuelles jouent un rĂŽle majeur dans le processus d'adaptation et de spĂ©ciation. Alors que les prĂ©fĂ©rences pour les traits adaptĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© bien Ă©tudiĂ©es, des prĂ©fĂ©rences envers divers traits sont observĂ©es dans les populations naturelles, y compris des prĂ©fĂ©rences envers des traits dissemblables ou inadaptĂ©s . Au cours de ma thĂšse, jâai Ă©tudiĂ© ces formes particuliĂšres de prĂ©fĂ©rences sexuelles. J'ai utilisĂ© des approches de modĂ©lisation mathĂ©matique afin dâidentifier les conditions menant Ă lâĂ©volution de prĂ©fĂ©rences sexuelles basĂ©es sur des traits adaptĂ©s ou, par contraste, mal-adaptĂ©s. Je me suis concentrĂ© sur l'Ă©volution de prĂ©fĂ©rences ciblant des signaux dâavertissement, associĂ©s Ă des dĂ©fenses contre les prĂ©dateurs. Un signal dâavertissement, rĂ©duit la prĂ©dation lorsqu'il devient localement rĂ©pandu : la communautĂ© locale de prĂ©dateurs apprend Ă associer le signal Ă une dĂ©fense et Ă©vite alors d'attaquer les proies prĂ©sentant ce signal. Les signaux dâavertissement sont donc un exemple pertinent d'Ă©volution convergente promue par une adaptation locale. Comme ces signaux peuvent Ă©galement ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s lors du choix du partenaire, ils apparaissent comme un trait pertinent pour Ă©tudier les interactions entre l'Ă©volution des prĂ©fĂ©rences et la sĂ©lection locale chez des espĂšces sympatriques. Tout d'abord, je me suis concentrĂ© sur l'Ă©volution de l'hĂ©tĂ©rogamie dans les populations polymorphes, en particulier, sur l'espĂšce H. numata, qui prĂ©sente un polymorphisme de patrons de coloration, contrĂŽlĂ© par un seul supergĂšne. A l'aide de simulations numĂ©riques, j'ai Ă©tudiĂ© lâĂ©mergence de prĂ©fĂ©rences hĂ©tĂ©rogames conduisant Ă une prĂ©fĂ©rence pour des phĂ©notypes localement inadaptĂ©s. J'ai ainsi montrĂ© que les mutations dĂ©lĂ©tĂšres rĂ©cessives habituellement associĂ©es aux supergĂšnes favorisent l'Ă©volution de la prĂ©fĂ©rence hĂ©tĂ©rogame (chapitre 1). J'ai Ă©galement identifiĂ© les architectures gĂ©nĂ©tiques des traits et des prĂ©fĂ©rences permettant l'Ă©volution de prĂ©fĂ©rences hĂ©tĂ©rogames. J'ai ensuite utilisĂ© un modĂšle plus gĂ©nĂ©ral se concentrant sur les traits polymorphes utilisĂ©s dans les prĂ©fĂ©rences sexuelles, pour identifier les conditions sur les relations de dominance entre les allĂšles de trait et sur leur association avec des mutations dĂ©lĂ©tĂšres permettant l'Ă©volution de lâhĂ©tĂ©rogamie (chapitre 2). DeuxiĂšmement, jâai Ă©tudiĂ© l'effet de l'interfĂ©rence reproductive entre espĂšces sympatriques sur l'Ă©volution des prĂ©fĂ©rences. Puisque l'adaptation locale favorise la ressemblance des traits entre les espĂšces sympatriques, la prĂ©fĂ©rence pour les traits adaptĂ©s localement peut ĂȘtre altĂ©rĂ©e par l'interfĂ©rence reproductive. En utilisant des modĂšles de gĂ©nĂ©tique quantitative, j'ai Ă©tudiĂ© les conditions permettant l'Ă©volution de prĂ©fĂ©rences envers des traits localement non-adaptĂ©s limitant l'interfĂ©rence reproductive, et ses consĂ©quences sur l'adaptation locale (chapitre 3) et le dimorphisme sexuel (chapitre 4). Enfin, j'ai Ă©tudiĂ© pourquoi et quand les prĂ©fĂ©rences sexuelles ciblent des traits impliquĂ©s dans l'adaptation locale plutĂŽt que des traits neutres qui peuvent diverger entre espĂšces sympatriques (chapitre 5). Dans l'ensemble, cette thĂšse met en lumiĂšre l'origine des prĂ©fĂ©rences sexuelles et montre les diffĂ©rentes conditions dans lesquelles des prĂ©fĂ©rences hĂ©tĂ©rogames ou des prĂ©fĂ©rences envers des traits localement mal-adaptĂ©s peuvent Ă©merger. Je conclus par une revue critique soulignant la prĂ©valence des prĂ©fĂ©rences hĂ©tĂ©rogames dans les populations naturelles et de leurs rĂŽles dans les processus d'adaptation et de spĂ©ciation.Sexual preferences play a major role in the process of adaptation and speciation. While preferences for adaptive traits have been extensively studied, but various targets of preference are observed in natural populations, including attractions towards dissimilar or maladaptive traits . During my thesis, I focused on these peculiar forms of sexual preferences. I used mathematical modelling to identify the conditions for the evolution of mate preference targeting locally adaptive vs. maladaptive traits. I focused on the evolution of preference targeting warning traits, associated with defence against predators as a case study. Warning colorations reduce predation when they become widespread in a given environment: the local community of predators learns to associate the warning trait with defence and then avoid attacks on prey displaying them. Warning coloration are thus a relevant example of convergent evolution driven by local adaptation. Because these colorations can also be used as a cue during mate choice, they appear as a relevant trait to study the interactions between preference evolution and local selection on the preferred cue in sympatric species. First, I focused on the evolution of disassortative mating in polymorphic populations. I focused on the species H. numata, which display polymorphism in warning signals, controlled by a single supergene. Using numerical simulations, I studied how disassortative preferences, leading to preference on locally maladaptive phenotypes can emerge. I showed that the recessive deleterious mutations usually associated with supergenes promotes the evolution of disassortative preference (chapter 1). I also identified the genetic architecture of trait and preference allowing the evolution of disassortative preference. I then used a more general model focusing on polymorphic traits used as mating cues, to identify the conditions on dominance relationships between cues alleles and on their association with deleterious mutations allowing the evolution of disassortative mating (chapter 2). Second, I focused on the effect of reproductive interference between sympatric species on the evolution of preferences. Since local adaptation promotes trait similarity between sympatric species, preference for locally adapted traits may be impaired by reproductive interference. Using quantitative genetics models, I studied the conditions allowing the evolution of preference towards locally non-adapted traits limiting reproductive interference, and its consequences on local adaptation (chapter 3) and sexual dimorphism (chapter 4). Third, I investigated why and when mate preference targets traits involved in local adaptation rather than neutral traits that may diverge between sympatric species (chapter 5). Altogether, this thesis highlights the origin of sexual preferences and shows various conditions where disassortative or maladaptive preference can emerge. I conclude with a critical review highlighting the high prevalence of disassortative mate preference in nature and its peculiar role in the processes of adaptation and speciation
Evolutionary origins of sexual dimorphism: Lessons from femaleâlimited mimicry in butterflies
International audienceThe striking female-limited mimicry observed in some butterfly species is a text-book example of sexually dimorphic trait submitted to intense natural selection. Two main evolutionary hypotheses, based on natural and sexual selection respectively, have been proposed. Predation pressure favoring mimicry toward defended species could be higher in females because of their slower flight, and thus overcome developmental constraints favoring the ancestral trait that limits the evolution of mimicry in males but not in females. Alternatively, the evolution of mimicry in males could be limited by female preference for non-mimetic males. However, the evolutionary origin of female preference for non-mimetic males remains unclear. Here, we hypothesize that costly sexual interactions between individuals from distinct sympatric species might intensify because of mimicry, therefore promoting female preference for non-mimetic trait. Using a mathematical model, we compare the evolution of female-limited mimicry when assuming either alternative selective hypotheses. We show that the patterns of divergence of male and female trait from the ancestral traits can differ between these selection regimes. We specifically highlight that divergence in female trait is not a signature of the effect of natural selection. Our results also evidence why female-limited mimicry is more frequently observed in Batesian mimics
Which cues are sexy? The evolution of mate preference in sympatric species reveals the contrasted effect of adaptation and reproductive interference
International audienc
Convergence of knowledge in a stochastic cultural evolution model with population structure, social learning and credibility biases
International audienceUnderstanding how knowledge is created and propagates within groups is crucial to explain how human populations have evolved through time. Anthropologists have relied on different theoretical models to address this question. In this work, we introduce a mathematically oriented model that shares properties with individual based approaches, inhomogeneous Markov chains and learning algorithms, such as those introduced in [F. Cucker, S. Smale, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc, 39 (1), 2002] and [F. Cucker, S. Smale and D. X Zhou, Found. Comput. Math., 2004]. After deriving the model, we study some of its mathematical properties, and establish theoretical and quantitative results in a simplified case. Finally, we run numerical simulations to illustrate some properties of the model