Water-use accounts in CPWF basins: Simple water-use accounting of the São Francisco Basin

This paper applies the principles of water-use accounts, developed in the first of the series, to the São Francisco basin in South America. The São Francisco Basin lies wholly within Brazil. There are several major dams and wetlands in the Basin. Net runoff is about 16% of total precipitation. Grassland is the most extensive land use, covering 59% of the Basin and uses 48% of the water. Rainfed agriculture covers 23% of the basin, but uses 14% of the water in the Basin. Forest and woodland cover 16% of the basin and use about 21% of the precipitation. Grassland covers much of the upper part of the Basin, consuming about 21% of the precipitation. Irrigated agriculture covers just about 2% of the Basin and uses about 2% of the water. Climate change, using an assumed change in increase in rainfall and evapotranspiration distribution, reduces flow at Juazeiro and storage in the Sobradinho reservoir. The transfer of water from the São Francisco Basin to the northeast of Brazil reduces annual average flow by 6% only. However, the combined impact of the planned diversions and drying due to climate change would be greater again. Keywords: Water use accounts, São Francisco basin, top-down modeling, basin water use

Water-use accounts in CPWF basins: Simple water-use accounting of the Niger Basin

This paper applies the principles of water-use accounts, developed in the first of the series, to the Niger River basin in West Africa. The Niger Basin covers 10 countries, and rises in the highlands of southern Guinea near the border with Sierra Leone just 240 km inland from the Atlantic Ocean, but there are substantial downstream tributaries from Cameroon and Nigeria. A unique feature is the inland delta which forms where its gradient suddenly decreases. Net runoff is about 12% of total precipitation. Grassland is the most extensive vegetation, covering 50% of the Basin, consuming about 39% of the precipitation. Rainfed agriculture covers 26% of the basin and use about 27% of the precipitation. Irrigated agriculture covers less than 1% of the Basin and uses also less than 1% of the water. Climate change, using an assumed change in rainfall distribution, shows that climate change may have a large impact on water availability in the lower Basin, and hence on the River’s wetlands

Water-use accounts in CPWF basins: Simple water-use accounting of the Niger Basin

This paper applies the principles of water-use accounts, developed in the first of the series, to the Niger River basin in West Africa. The Niger Basin covers 10 countries, and rises in the highlands of southern Guinea near the border with Sierra Leone just 240 km inland from the Atlantic Ocean, but there are substantial downstream tributaries from Cameroon and Nigeria. A unique feature is the inland delta which forms where its gradient suddenly decreases. Net runoff is about 12% of total precipitation. Grassland is the most extensive vegetation, covering 50% of the Basin, consuming about 39% of the precipitation. Rainfed agriculture covers 26% of the basin and use about 27% of the precipitation. Irrigated agriculture covers less than 1% of the Basin and uses also less than 1% of the water. Climate change, using an assumed change in rainfall distribution, shows that climate change may have a large impact on water availability in the lower Basin, and hence on the River’s wetlands

Economic assessment of acquiring water for environmental flows in the Murray Basin

This article is an economic analysis of reallocating River Murray Basin water from agriculture to the environment with and without the possibility of interregional water trade. Acquiring environmental flows as an equal percentage of water allocations from all irrigation regions in the Basin is estimated to reduce returns to irrigation. When the same volume of water is taken from selected low-value regions only, the net revenue reduction is less. In all scenarios considered, net revenue gains from freeing trade are estimated to outweigh the negative revenue effects of reallocating water for environmental flows. The model accounts for how stochastic weather affects market water demand, supply and requirements for environmental flows. Net irrigation revenue is estimated to be $75 million less than the baseline level for a scenario involving reallocating a constant volume of water for the environment in both wet and dry years. For a more realistic scenario involving more water for the environment in wet and less in dry years, estimated net revenue loss is reduced by 48 per cent to$39 million. Finally, the external salinity-related costs of water trading are estimated at around $1 million per annum, a quite modest amount compared to the direct irrigation benefits of trade.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Fishery productivity and its contribution to overall agricultural production in the Lower Mekong River Basin

The Mekong River and its ecosystems have one of the most diverse and abundant fisheries in the world. The fisheries are a major factor in the well-being and livelihoods of the nearly 70 million people especially in the lower Mekong Basin who derive their livelihood from fishery and also depend on fish and other aquatic animals for nutrition and food security. Fishery production and value have been the subject of many studies and some data are available from national and international statistical databases. None of these, however, offer a reliable, consistent set of data on the spatial and temporal trends at a similar level of resolution across the basin. Because of the shortcomings in the data, there are major uncertainties in estimates of fishery production and its value in the four countries of the lower Mekong Basin: Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam. Catch surveys tend to underestimate the production, while consumption-based estimates are regarded as more reliable indicators. We combined official statistics with several consumption-based estimates to examine the spatial and temporal trends in production and value of capture fish and aquaculture. The highest estimates of production range from 42 kg/capita/year in the Lao PDR to 65 kg/capita/year in Cambodia, the latter figure being comparable to consumption in Japan. Production is dominated by capture fisheries in Cambodia (where it is concentrated around the Tonle Sap and the Mekong River), Laos and Thailand. In Viet Nam, aquaculture dominates production and is concentrated around the main rivers in the delta and along the coastal strip. While there are uncertainties in the data, it appears that production until 2005 from capture fisheries has not increased significantly in all the four lower Mekong countries. In aquaculture, there has been a large increase in production in the Mekong Delta region of Viet Nam since about 2000. The highest estimates of value, using consumption-based estimates of production, mainly from capture fisheries, give an annual value of about US$3 billion. Other estimates place the overall value somewhat lower. The value is probably not changing greatly with time. Aquaculture in Viet Nam is rapidly increasing in value, matching the increase in production, and in 2005 was worth over US$1 billion. The contribution of the fishing sector to overall agricultural production (crops, livestock and fish) is small in the Lao PDR and Thailand, but larger in Cambodia and growing in Viet Nam. The demand for fish products will rise in the future, partly as a result of increasing population in the region and partly as a result of increasing incomes. Moreover, there may also be a continuing rise in the export of fish products. The lower Mekong fisheries face threats to production from changed water availability and quality, dams and other barriers affecting fish migration and productivity, and overfishing. If the increased demand is to be met, these threats must be managed so that production, especially of wild capture fish, does not decline. The increasing demand appears unlikely to be met through an increase in production of capture fisheries. The current rapid growth of aquaculture, if it can be maintained, does appear capable of meeting the demand. There are neither quantitative estimates of the limits to growth of this industry, however, nor whether it will pose risks for the capture fisheries since aquaculture needs huge quantities of fish fry as feed. Rice-fish farming may also contribute to increased fish production, but again the impact appears not to have been quantifie

Water-use accounts in CPWF basins: Simple water-use accounting of the Nile Basin

This paper applies the principles of water-use accounts, developed in the first of the series, to the Nile River basin in Northeast Africa. The Nile and its tributaries flow though nine countries. The White Nile flows though Uganda, Sudan, and Egypt. The Blue Nile starts in Ethiopia. Zaire, Kenya, Tanzanian, Rwanda, and Burundi all have tributaries, which flow into the Nile or into Lake Victoria. Unique features are Lake Victoria and the Sudd wetland where White Nile loses about half of its flow by evaporation, and the Aswan Dam which controls flow in the lower part of the Basin and also is where 15-20% of the flow is lost to seepage and further evaporation. Net runoff is minimal in many catchments of the Nile Basin, comprising 6% or less of the water available in 16 catchments of the Basin. In the remaining catchments, net runoff ranges from 9% (Panyango) to 34% (Gambella) of the available water. Water use by grassland is important in all catchments where it comprises 13 to 76% of the water available, except in the Lower Basin, where it comprises only 7% or less of the available water. In upstream catchments, woodlands and forests are the major components of land-use, while in the Lower Basin catchments barren and sparsely vegetated land is the main land-use class. Rainfed agriculture is the most important water use by volume in only four catchments, Kessie, Paraa, Panyango, and the Sennar Dam where it comprises 24%, 27%, 30%, and 38% of the available water. Nevertheless, it is a relatively important use of water in many of the catchments, using 10% or more of the available water in 14 catchments of the Basin. Irrigated agriculture is the least use of water by volume, using 4% or less of the available water in all catchments except the d/s of Jebel Aulia, the Sennar Dam, Thamaniyat, Hudeiba, Atbara, Naga Hammadi, El Ekhsase, and Estuary catchments. It is, however, the most important water use in the Estuary catchment, using 90% of the available water. The effect of climate change on rainfall in the Nile Basin is very uncertain, but temperature is expected increase by about 2°C by mid-century. To show the possible effects, we increased potential evapotranspiration by 5%, and left rainfall unchanged. The flow at Aswan Dam declines by about 6%, and irrigated crop water use in the El- Ekhsase region increases by about 2%. Keywords: Water use accounts, Nile basin, top-down modelling, basin water us

Implementasi Konsep Pendidikan Islam Terpadu di SMP Islam Terpadu Sumbawa

: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: 1) Konsep Dasar Pendidikan Islam Terpadu. 2) Implementasi (penerapan pendidikan Islam Terpadu di SMP Islam Terpadu Sumbawa).Dalam penelitian ini peneliti menggunaan metode deskriptif kualitatif analitik dengan pengumpulan data secara induktif, data-data penelitian dikumpulkan dengan beberapa metode.Metode wawancara digunakan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang penerapan pendidikan Islam terpadu dalam sekolah SMP Islam Terpadu Sumbawa.Adapun hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa 1) Pendidikan Islam terpadu merupakan model pendidikan yang utuh menyeluruh, integral, bukan parsial, syumuliyah bukan juz’iyah. Hal ini menjadi semangat utama dalam gerak dakwah di bidang pendidikan sebagai perlawanan terhadap pemahaman sekuler, dikotomi, juz’iyah.Keterpaduan ini meliputi tiga aspek yaitu, keterpaduan pola asuh, materi dan ranah. Ketiga aspek tersebut merupakan unsur penting dalam pendidikan islam terpadu. Apabila ketiga aspek itu diterapkan dengan baik, maka konsep pendidikan islam terpadu akan dapat dilihat hasilnya secara nyata. 2) Implementasi pendidikan islam terpadu, pendidikan ini memadukan tiga aspek kurikulum yaitu: Kurikulum Diknas, Kurikulum pendidikan islam (Muatan lokal berbasis islam), dan pengembangan diri. Proses pembelajarannya melalui penyampaian materi pelajaran umum yang diperkaya dengan nilai-nilai agama dan penyampaian materi agama diperkaya dengan muatan-muatan pendidikan umum misalnya guru memulai proses pembelajaran dengan berdo’a bersama kemudian dilanjutkan dengan tadarus Al- Qur’an (murojaah) sekitar 10-15 menit, setelah itu dilanjutkan dengan penyampaian materi pelajaran. Contoh lain ketika peserta didik belajar tentang mata pelajaran biologi, maka pada waktu yang sama diharapkan pelajaran itu dapat meningkatkan keyakinannya pada Allah Swt, karena dalam Islam telah diterangkan bahwa Allahlah yang menciptakan keanekaragaman hayati di bumi ini