Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy

Background: Vaginitis due to Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common of sexually transmitted diseases. Trichomoniasis affects women during pregnancy as well but it is not clearly established whether it causes preterm birth and other pregnancy complications.Objectives: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of various treatments for trichomoniasis during pregnancy.Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group\u27s Trials Register ( 14 January 2011).Selection criteria: Randomized trials comparing anti-trichomonas agents during pregnancy. Trials including symptomatic or asymptomatic women with trichomoniasis were eligible.Data collection and analysis: Two review authors assessed eligibility and trial quality.Main results: We included two trials with 842 pregnant women. In both trials around 90% of women were cleared of trichomonas in the vagina after treatment. In the US trial, women with asymptomatic trichomoniasis between 16 and 23 weeks were treated with metronidazole on two occasions at least two weeks apart. The trial was stopped before reaching its target recruitment because metronidazole was not effective in reducing preterm birth and there was a likelihood of harm (risk ratio 1.78, 95% confidence interval 1.19 to 2.66). The South African trial recruited women later in pregnancy and did not have the design and power to address adverse clinical outcomes. We excluded two recent studies, identified for the current update, because they did not address the primary question.Authors\u27 Conclusion: Metronidazole, given as a single dose, is likely to provide parasitological cure for trichomoniasis, but it is not known whether this treatment will have any effect on pregnancy outcomes. The cure rate could probably be higher if more partners used the treatment

Medicolegal issues in neurology Practice in Pakistan

Neurology despite its challenges have made tremendous improvement in past few decades. At the same time, the rapid advancement of media and internet has changed the traditional doctor-patient relationship into one of a service provider-consumer relationship1. The health service is now considered a commodity, and has become prone to lack of trust and litigation. Medical professionalism is challenged by increasing commercialism and influence of legal syste

Effectiveness of Nasheed-based Teaching of Islamic Education Subject to Fifth-Grade Female Students and Its Impact on their Achievement and Retention of Learning

هدفت الدراسة إلى الكشف عن فاعلية التدريس بالأناشيد في مادة التربية الإسلامية على التحصيل الدراسي، لطالبات الصف الخامس الأساسي، وبقاء أثر التعلم لديهن. ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة استخدم المنهج شبه التجريبي، حيث أُعدت المادة العلمية باستخدام الأناشيد التعليمية واختباراً تحصيليا مكونا من 21 سؤالا من نوع الاختيار من متعدد، وبعد التأكد من صدق الأداة وثباتها، طبقت على عينة مكونة من 65 طالبة، من مدرسة أم ورقة الأنصارية للتعليم الأساسي 5-7 بمحافظة مسقط، تم تقسيمهن إلى مجموعتين: تجريبية، وعدد طالبتها 33 طالبة، درست باستخدام الأناشيد، وضابطة وعدد طالبتها 32 طالبة، درست بالطريقة الاعتيادية. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة بعد تطبيق الاختبار البعدي الفوري، وجود فروق دالة إحصائيا عند مستوى 0.05 بين متوسطات درجات المجموعة التجريبية والضابطة، لصالح المجموعة التجريبية. ولقياس بقاء أثر التعلم لدى عينة الدراسة، طبق الاختبار البعدي المؤجل؛ بعد مرور أربعة أسابيع من تطبيق الاختبار البعدي الفوري، فأظهرت النتائج أيضا، وجود فروق دالة إحصائيا بين متوسطات درجات المجموعتين؛ التجريبية والضابطة في الاختبار التحصيلي البعدي المؤجل، لصالح المجموعة التجريبية التي درست بالأناشيد. وفي ضوء النتائج التي خلصت إليها الدراسة، أوصت بعدد من التوصيات أهمها: تطبيق التجربة على شريحة واسعة من طلبة الصف الخامس الأساسي ونظرائهم.The study aimed to reveal the effectiveness of the Nasheed-based teaching of Islamic Education subject to fifth-grade female students and its impact on their achievement and the retention of learning effect among them. The sample of the study consisted of 65 fifth-grade students who were selected from a 5-7 grade school at one of the primary schools in Muscat Governorate. The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group consisting of 33 female students who were taught using nasheeds (Islamic songs) and a control group of 32 female students who were taught using the traditional teaching method. To measure the differences between the two groups, the researchers created an achievement test that consisted of 21 multi-choice questions. The findings of the study showed statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the two groups (the experimental and control groups) in the immediate achievement post-test and the postponed post-test in favor of the experimental group that was taught using nasheeds. The study offers a number of recommendations that include the application of the experiment to a wider category of fifth-grade students in the area of education

Ethambutol Induced Ocular Toxicity in Patients Receiving “Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course” Therapy

Background: To determine the frequency of Ocular toxicity due to Ethambutol in Category-1 patients after receiving DOTS therapy. Methods: Category-1 tuberculosis patients of 15-60 years (both gender) with normal ocular parameters on ophthalmological assessment at time of initiation of DOTS therapy were included in the study. A total of 242 eyes (121 patients) were studied for any change in the vision or occurrence of any other ocular symptom while on the Ethambutol treatment. Each patient was followed up for Ethambutol compliance status at the completion of one month and again at two months of treatment, all the ophthalmological assessments for ocular toxicity were repeated for every selected patient. Category-2 patients with sputum smear positive who have relapsed, who have treatment failure or who are receiving treatment after treatment interruption were excluded from the study. The patient’s information was gathered on a specifically designed proforma. The information on the proforma was filled by the researchers themselves. Results: Out of 121 patients (242 eyes), 64 (52.9%) were males and 57 (47.1%) were females. There was no sign of ocular toxicity after a month period. However, after second month ocular toxicity was developed in 02 (1.65%) of the patients. Besides, decrease in visual acuity, color vision abnormalities, decrease in contrast sensitivity, and optic disc abnormalities were also observed in these 02 patients. Conclusion: There is a possibility of the occurrence of ocular toxicity when the Ethambutol is taken by the tuberculosis patients. Thus, the early identification of ocular symptoms and signs is vital to avoid unnecessary delay in diagnosis and probable irreversible visual loss