Good Governance and Providing the Necessary Internal Context for the Realization of the Right to Development

The right to development means enabling the participation of every human in the process of economic, social, cultural and political development of society and enjoying its benefits and as a result guaranteeing of his human rights in development process. The guaranteeing of this right require laying the groundwork for its implementation at the internal level of every states and removing obstacles at this level. Therefore, the effort to find the right solution in this field has been a major part in efforts to adopting national and international programs related to the establishment of human rights based approach in development, which considered as the main goal in the right to development. This research is a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources and analysis of international documents, seeks to answer the question of what internal approach is needed to achieve the right to development?The result confirms that the removal of obstacles to the human rights based approach in development depends on the adoption of a good governance strategy and efforts to implement its pillars in any society. The hallmarks of this governance, namely, the rule of law, transparency, the fight against corruption and public participation, are tools that can be used to overcome a large number of internal obstacles to the human rights based approach in development, the obstacles such as discrimination, corruption, lack of a platform for public participation in the development process, the lack of capacity for effective participation of groups such as women and minorities in the development process

Biostratigraphy of the Pabdeh Formation based on planktonic foraminifera in the Tang-e-Chogan section in Interior Fars, Zagros Basin

Abstract The biostratigraphy of the marly-limestone Pabdeh Formation has been studied in a section located in the Interior Fars (folded Zagros). Five assemblage biozones of plankton foraminifera with Early Eocene to Late Eocene age were identified in the studied section. Biozone 1 with a thickness of two meters has been identified at the base of the studied succession and includes Morozovellavela scoensis and Morozovella conicotruncata species defining the Early Eocene age. Biozone 2 with a thickness of 59 meters is the Early Eocene in age and is associated with the first occurrence of Morozovella aragonensis at the base and the last occurrence of Chiloguembelina wilcoxensis at the top. Biozone 3 with a thickness of 66 meters is defined by the first occurrence of Globigerinatheka kugleri at the base and the occurrence of Guembelitrioides nuttalli at the top and represents the beginning of the part of the Middle Eocene. The presence of Orbulinoides beckmanni indicates the Middle Eocene for biozone 4 with a thickness 88 meters. Biozone 5 with a thickness of 163 meters indicates the Middle–Late Eocene for the top of studied succession according to the first and last occurrence of Hantkenina alabamensis. Keywords: Pabdeh Formation, Planktonic foraminifera, Early Eocene–Late Eocene, Biostratigraphy     Introduction The Laramide orogeny event is one of the tectonic events affecting the geology of Iran, which played a significant role in the formation of independent Cenozoic sedimentary basins of Iran (Aghanabati 2004). The subduction of Neotethys under the Iranian Plate began in the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous and was accompanied by the evolution of the present-day tectonic structure of Zagros in the Upper Paleocene–Lower Eocene (Heidari 2008). The Zagros sedimentary basin has three sedimentary units: Khuzestan Plain, folded Zagros or external Zagros, high Zagros or internal Zagros (Darvishzadeh 1991). After the Late Cretaceous movements, in the Early Paleogene, the whole Zagros was covered by an progressive sea. In the coastal areas of this sea the Sachun Formation, in shallow areas the Jahrom Formation and in deep areas the Pabdeh Formation  have been deposited (Aghanabati 2004). The Pabdeh Formation is limited to the shales layers of the Gurpi Formation with the Maastrichtian age (in Fars and Khuzestan) to the Paleocene age (in Lorestan) at the lower boundary, and is limited to the limestones layers of the Asmari Formation with Oligocene–Miocene age at the upper boundary. The studied section is located in the Tang-e-Chogan area 35 km of northeast of Kazeron in the Interior Fars Basin in the folded Zagros. This section is on the axial line of the Dashtak anticline in the geographical position 51° 36′ 48/22′′ to 51° 36′ 58/09′′ East and 29° 47′ 28/52′′ to 29° 47′ 69/59′′ North. The lithology of the Pabdeh Formation in the Tang-e-Chogan section with a thickness of 378 meters is composed of marls, marly limestones, and medium to thick bedded limestones. In its lower boundary, there are gray shales of the Gurpi Formation (Upper Cretaceous) with disconformities (Moghaddasi et al. 2020) and the upper boundary is overlain by the limestones of the Asmari Formation (Oligocene–Miocene). Considering the special position of the Pabdeh Formation in the petroleum system of the Zagros Basin, it is important to study this formation. For this reason, in this research, the stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of this formation based on plankton foraminifera have been investigated.   Discussion of Results & Conclusions The biostratigraphy of the Pabdeh Formation in the studied section is according to the biozonation of planktonic foraminifera by Toumarkine and Luterbacher (1985), Bolli et al. (1985), Berggren and Pearson (2005), Wade et al. (2011), and Bown et al. (2020). Five assemblage biozones of plankton foraminifera with the Early Eocene to Late Eocene age were identified in the studied section. Biozone 1 with a thickness of two meters has been identified at the base of the studied succession and includes Morozovella velascoensis and Morozovella conicotruncata species defining the Early Eocene age. Biozone 2 with a thickness of 59 meters is Early Eocene in age and is associated with the first occurrence of Morozovella aragonensis at the base and the last occurrence of Chiloguembelina wilcoxensis at the top and is consistent to the base of the biozone E5 of Berggren and Pearson (2005), Wade et al. (2011). Assemblage biozone 2 includes Morozovellaaequa, Morozovella formosa, Morozovella gracilis, Chiloguembelina wilcoxensis, Morozovella aragonensis, Morozovella caucasica, Morozovella subbotinae, Alicantinasp., Subbotinasp., Subbotinacf. eocanea, Pseudohastigerinamicra, Planorotalite pseudoscitula, Clavigerinella akersi, Parasubbotina pseudowilsoni, Hantkenina sp. Biozone 3 with a thickness 66 meters includes assemblage of Guembelitrioides nuttalli, Globigerina sp., Hantkenina sp., Uvigerina havanensis, Hantkenina mexicana, Globigerinatheka kugleri, Acarinina bullbrooki, Morozovella cf. aragonensis, Planorotalites pseudoscitula, Globorotalia renzi, Globorotalia sp. ,Hantkenina longispina, Morozovelloides cf. crassatus, Hantkenina alabamensis, Pseudohastigerina cf. micra, Turborotalia cerroazulensis, Globigerina velascoensis, Subbotina eocaena. It is defined by the first occurrence of Globigerinatheka kugleri at the base and the occurrence of Guembelitrioides nuttalli at the top and represents the beginning of the part of the Middle Eocene and is in accordance of the base of the biozone E8 of Wade et al. (2011). Biozone 4 with a thickness 88 meters includes Globigerina sp., Hantkenina sp., Hantkenina mexicana, Acarinina bullbrooki, Hantkenina longispina, Hantkenina alabamensis, Turborotalia cerroazulensis, Subbotina eocaena, Orbulinoides beckmanni, Pseudohastegina cf. micra, Globigerina pseudoeocaena, Pseudohastegrina micra, Hantkenina aff. Dumblei. According to biozone P13 of Berggren and Van Couvering (1974) and Berggren and Pearson (2005) and biozone E12 of Wade et al. (2011) the presence of Orbulinoides beckmanni indicates the Middle Eocene for biozone 4. Biozone 5 indicates the Middle–Late Eocene for the top of the studied section according to the first and last occurrence of Hantkenina alabamensis. Biozone 5 with a thickness of 163 meters Globigerina sp., Hantkenina sp., Hantkenina mexicana, Acarinina bullbrooki, Hantkenina longispina, Hantkenina alabamensis, Turborotalia cerroazulensis, Globigerina pseudoeocaena, Globigerina sp., Planorotalites pseudoscitula The biostratigraphy of the Pabdeh Formation in the Tang-e-Chogan section indicates five assemblage biozones of plankton foraminifera with the Early Eocene to Late Eocene age. These biozones include 21 genera and 24 species of the following planktonic and benthic foraminifera: Acarinina bullbrooki, Alicantina sp., Chiloguembelina wilcoxensis, Clavigerinella akersi, Globorotalia renzi, Globigerina pseudoeocaena, Globigerina sp., Globigerinatheka kugleri, Guembelitrioides nuttalli, Hantkenina alabamensis, Hantkenina longispina, Hantkenina mexicana, Hantkenina sp., Kathina sp., Lenticulina sp., Morozovella aequa, Morozovella aragonensis, Morozovella caucasica, Morozovella conicotruncata, Morozovella formosa, Morozovella gracilis, Morozovella subbotinae, Morozovellavela scoensis, Morozovelloides cf. crassatus, Orbulinoides beckmanni, Parasubbotina pseudowilsoni, Planorotalites pseudoscitula, Pseudohastegrina micra, Streptochilus sp., Subbotina eocaena, Subbotina sp., Turborotalia cerroazulensis, Uvigerina havanensis

Role of the major antigenic membrane protein in phytoplasma transmission by two insect vector species

Optimization of abdominal microinjection parameters. Description of parameter optimizations for abdominal microinjection experiments. (PDF 56 kb

Randomized double blind clinical trial evaluating the Ellagic acid effects on insulin resistance, oxidative stress and sex hormones levels in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

Abstract Objective: The design of this study was due to the report of the antioxidant properties of Ellagic acid (EA) for its evaluation on the Insulin resistance (IR), oxidative stress and sex hormones levels in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 60 patients were recruited. Patients were randomly allocated consumed a capsule containing 200 mg of EA per day (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for 8 weeks. The fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, IR, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Malondialdehyde (MDA), C-reactive protein (CRP), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), sex hormones and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) were measured at the beginning and end of the study. Result: At the end of the study, the mean of FBS, insulin, IR, TC, TG, LDL, MDA, CRP, TNF-α, total testosterone, prolactin and AMH were significantly decreased in the intervention group compared to the placebo group (P 0.05). Conclusion: EA supplementation can be helpful as a diet supplement in women with PCOS through improvement in insulin resistance. This supplement may be used to reduce metabolic disorders in women

Trend in global burden attributable to low bone mineral density in different WHO regions: 2000 and beyond, results from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019

Background: We aimed to document the current state of exposure to low bone mineral density (BMD) and trends in attributable burdens between 2000 and 2019 globally and in different World Health Organization (WHO) regions using the Glob al Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019. Methods: We reviewed the sex-region-specific summary exposure value (SEV) of low BMD and the all-ages numbers and age-standardized rates of disabili ty-adjusted life years (DALYs), years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and deaths attributed to low BMD. We compared different WHO regions (Africa, the Easte rn Mediterranean Region, Europe, Region of the Americas, Southeast Asia, and Wes tern Pacific), age categories, and sexes according to the estimates of the GBD 2019 report. Results: The global age-standardized SEV of low BMD is estimated to be 2 0.7% in women and 11.3% in men in 2019. Among the WHO regions, Africa had the highest age-standardized SEV of low BMD in women (28.8% (95% uncertainty in terval 22.0–36.3)) and men (16.8% (11.5–23.8)). The lowest SEV was observed in Europe in both women (14.7% (9.9–21.0)) and men (8.0% (4.3–13.4)). An improving trend in th e global rate of DALY, death, and YLL was observed during 2000–2019 (−5.7%, −4.7%, and −11.9% change, respectively); however, the absolute numbers increased with the highest increase observed in global YLD (70.9%) and death numbers (67.6%). South east Asia Region had the highest age-standardized rates of DALY (303.4 (249.2–357.2) ), death (10.6 (8.5–12.3)), YLD (133.5 (96.9–177.3)), and YLL (170.0 (139–197.7)). Conclusions: Overall, the highest-burden attributed to low BMD was observed in the Southeast Asia Region. Knowledge of the SEV of low BMD and the attributed burden can increase the awareness of healthcare decision-makers to adopt appropriate strategies for early screening, and also strategies to prevent falls and fragility fractures and their consequent morbidity and mortality

Health-related quality of life in infertile couples receiving IVF or ICSI treatment

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Infertile couples might experience psychological distress and suffer from impaired health-related quality of life. This study aimed to examine health-related quality of life in infertile couples receiving either in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This was a cross-sectional study of quality of life in infertile couples attending to Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center or Royan Institute for either IVF or ICSI treatment in Tehran, Iran. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Patients' demographic and clinical characteristics were also recorded. Data were analyzed to compare quality of life in infertile women and men and to indicate what variables predict quality of life in infertile couples.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In all 514 women and 514 men (n = 1028) were studied. There were significant differences between women and men indicating that male patients had a better health-related quality of life. Also health-related quality of life was found to be better in infertility due to male factor. Performing logistic regression analysis it was found that female gender, and lower educational level were significant predictors of poorer physical health-related quality of life. For mental health-related quality of life in addition to female gender and lower educational level, younger age also was found to be a significant predictor of poorer condition. No significant results were observed for infertility duration or causes of infertility either for physical or mental health-related quality of life.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The findings suggest that infertility duration or causes of infertility do not have significant effects on health-related quality of life in infertile couples. However, infertile couples, especially less educated younger women, are at risk of a sub-optimal health-related quality of life and they should be provided help and support in order to improve their health-related quality of life.</p