A systematic review study on the most important treatment strategies for diabetic foot ulcer

Introduction: Diabetic foot is one of the complications of diabetes in diabetic patients with various muscular and neuropathic musculoskeletal disorders and circulatory disorders, which also has a high incidence of diabetic patients with foot lesions. These foot ulcers are frequently infected with diabetic patients and have potential for cellulite progression, sometimes leading to amputation. Therefore, considering the importance of diabetic foot ulcer treatment in diabetic patients, this systematic review was conducted on the most important therapeutic strategies for diabetic foot ulcers. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, this integrated overview study was conducted based on the Broome method in order to achieve the goal of the study and to improve the study's thorough understanding and comprehension. This method is carried out in three stages of the search of texts, data evaluation and data analysis, so that in the search stage, the texts of post-retrospective studies are examined in four stages in terms of inclusion criteria. After obtaining the conditions for entry into the study, the content of the study is evaluated, and at the end of the analysis of the data. Results: In this study, several methods for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers have been investigated. One of these studies was red light radiation of nm660 to the wound and 980 nm infrared around the wound and red invertebrates with infrared lasers to some acupuncture points for 5 to 10 days and then 2 times a week until complete recovery ulcers have been repairing these ulcers. Conclusion: In this study, as stated above, our goal is to examine the most important therapeutic methods for diabetic foot ulcers, which the results of various studies have shown that there are several therapeutic methods for treating diabetic foot ulcers. It is advisable to take serious measures to control the patient's blood sugar, which causes the recurrence of foot ulcer infection and ultimately requires serious treatment

The investigation of knowledge management role to improve the function of virtual organizations

Knowledge management contains the extensive range of activities which is applied to manage, transfer, create or improve the mental capital in major level. Knowledge management is designed processes, tools, structure intellectually used in order to increase, renew, share or improve the knowledge application which will be appeared triple mental capitals including structural, human and social elements in each of them. Knowledge management is a process to help organizations in order to recognize, select, organize and distribute the important skills and information as organizational memory existing as non-structured ones. This causes the organization management enable to solve learning problems, make strategic planning and dynamic decisions effectively. The transformation of industrial business model was for the organization capital basically as financial tangible capital (production facilities, machines, land, etc) to move toward organizations with intangible basic capital and it was mixed to knowledge, abilities and management to produce creative employees. In virtual organization, the relationship between employees, managers, partners and customers will begin and terminate irregularly. This continuous change endangers organization knowledge as the most valuable capital in it. The lack of good management may cause to a lack of the most knowledge due to these relationships. This risk is possible more for individual knowledge which is formed by the expansion of relations or new procedures. But, even the explicit organization knowledge may be gone whether it is not attained and interpreted as regular method. The effective Knowledge management enables organizations to protect themselves against losses even when employees and partners stopped their relationships and also it facilitates the increasing key ideas in subsets of organization and will increase the cooperation between different work teams

The investigation of knowledge management role to improve the function of virtual organizations

Knowledge management contains the extensive range of activities which is applied to manage, transfer, create or improve the mental capital in major level. Knowledge management is designed processes, tools, structure intellectually used in order to increase, renew, share or improve the knowledge application which will be appeared triple mental capitals including structural, human and social elements in each of them. Knowledge management is a process to help organizations in order to recognize, select, organize and distribute the important skills and information as organizational memory existing as non-structured ones. This causes the organization management enable to solve learning problems, make strategic planning and dynamic decisions effectively. The transformation of industrial business model was for the organization capital basically as financial tangible capital (production facilities, machines, land, etc) to move toward organizations with intangible basic capital and it was mixed to knowledge, abilities and management to produce creative employees. In virtual organization, the relationship between employees, managers, partners and customers will begin and terminate irregularly. This continuous change endangers organization knowledge as the most valuable capital in it. The lack of good management may cause to a lack of the most knowledge due to these relationships. This risk is possible more for individual knowledge which is formed by the expansion of relations or new procedures. But, even the explicit organization knowledge may be gone whether it is not attained and interpreted as regular method. The effective Knowledge management enables organizations to protect themselves against losses even when employees and partners stopped their relationships and also it facilitates the increasing key ideas in subsets of organization and will increase the cooperation between different work teams

The investigation of knowledge management role to improve the function of virtual organizations

Knowledge management contains the extensive range of activities which is applied to manage, transfer, create or improve the mental capital in major level. Knowledge management is designed processes, tools, structure intellectually used in order to increase, renew, share or improve the knowledge application which will be appeared triple mental capitals including structural, human and social elements in each of them. Knowledge management is a process to help organizations in order to recognize, select, organize and distribute the important skills and information as organizational memory existing as non-structured ones. This causes the organization management enable to solve learning problems, make strategic planning and dynamic decisions effectively. The transformation of industrial business model was for the organization capital basically as financial tangible capital (production facilities, machines, land, etc) to move toward organizations with intangible basic capital and it was mixed to knowledge, abilities and management to produce creative employees. In virtual organization, the relationship between employees, managers, partners and customers will begin and terminate irregularly. This continuous change endangers organization knowledge as the most valuable capital in it. The lack of good management may cause to a lack of the most knowledge due to these relationships. This risk is possible more for individual knowledge which is formed by the expansion of relations or new procedures. But, even the explicit organization knowledge may be gone whether it is not attained and interpreted as regular method. The effective Knowledge management enables organizations to protect themselves against losses even when employees and partners stopped their relationships and also it facilitates the increasing key ideas in subsets of organization and will increase the cooperation between different work teams

The liver-derived exosomes stimulate insulin gene expression in pancreatic beta cells under condition of insulin resistance

Introduction: An insufficient functional beta cell mass is a core pathological hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite the availability of several effective pharmaceuticals for diabetes management, there is an urgent need for novel medications to protect pancreatic beta cells under diabetic conditions. Integrative organ cross-communication controls the energy balance and glucose homeostasis. The liver and pancreatic islets have dynamic cross-communications where the liver can trigger a compensatory beta cell mass expansion and enhanced hormonal secretion in insulin-resistant conditions. However, the indispensable element(s) that foster beta cell proliferation and insulin secretion have yet to be completely identified. Exosomes are important extracellular vehicles (EVs) released by most cell types that transfer biological signal(s), including metabolic messengers such as miRNA and peptides, between cells and organs. Methods: We investigated whether beta cells can take up liver-derived exosomes and examined their impact on beta cell functional genes and insulin expression. Exosomes isolated from human liver HepG2 cells were characterized using various methods, including Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Western blot analysis of exosomal markers. Exosome labeling and cell uptake were assessed using CM-Dil dye. The effect of liver cell-derived exosomes on Min6 beta cells was determined through gene expression analyses of beta cell markers and insulin using qPCR, as well as Akt signaling using Western blotting. Results: Treatment of Min6 beta cells with exosomes isolated from human liver HepG2 cells treated with insulin receptor antagonist S961 significantly increased the expression of beta cell markers Pdx1, NeuroD1, and Ins1 compared to the exosomes isolated from untreated cells. In line with this, the activity of AKT kinase, an integral component of the insulin receptor pathway, is elevated in pancreatic beta cells, as represented by an increase in AKT’s downstream substrate, FoxO1 phosphorylation. Discussions: This study suggests that liver-derived exosomes may carry a specific molecular cargo that can affect insulin expression in pancreatic beta cells, ultimately affecting glucose homeostasis

SARS-CoV-2 and pancreas: a potential pathological interaction?

The widespread extrapulmonary complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have gained momentum; the pancreas is another major target for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we take a closer look into potential pathological interactions. We provide an overview of the current knowledge and understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the pancreas with a special focus on pancreatic islets and propose direct, indirect, and systemic mechanisms for pancreas injury as result of the COVID-19–diabetes fatal bidirectional relationship