7,919 research outputs found
Understanding Search Trees via Statistical Physics
We study the random m-ary search tree model (where m stands for the number of
branches of a search tree), an important problem for data storage in computer
science, using a variety of statistical physics techniques that allow us to
obtain exact asymptotic results. In particular, we show that the probability
distributions of extreme observables associated with a random search tree such
as the height and the balanced height of a tree have a traveling front
structure. In addition, the variance of the number of nodes needed to store a
data string of a given size N is shown to undergo a striking phase transition
at a critical value of the branching ratio m_c=26. We identify the mechanism of
this phase transition, show that it is generic and occurs in various other
problems as well. New results are obtained when each element of the data string
is a D-dimensional vector. We show that this problem also has a phase
transition at a critical dimension, D_c= \pi/\sin^{-1}(1/\sqrt{8})=8.69363...Comment: 11 pages, 8 .eps figures included. Invited contribution to
STATPHYS-22 held at Bangalore (India) in July 2004. To appear in the
proceedings of STATPHYS-2
Cutting edges at random in large recursive trees
We comment on old and new results related to the destruction of a random
recursive tree (RRT), in which its edges are cut one after the other in a
uniform random order. In particular, we study the number of steps needed to
isolate or disconnect certain distinguished vertices when the size of the tree
tends to infinity. New probabilistic explanations are given in terms of the
so-called cut-tree and the tree of component sizes, which both encode different
aspects of the destruction process. Finally, we establish the connection to
Bernoulli bond percolation on large RRT's and present recent results on the
cluster sizes in the supercritical regime.Comment: 29 pages, 3 figure
Long and short paths in uniform random recursive dags
In a uniform random recursive k-dag, there is a root, 0, and each node in
turn, from 1 to n, chooses k uniform random parents from among the nodes of
smaller index. If S_n is the shortest path distance from node n to the root,
then we determine the constant \sigma such that S_n/log(n) tends to \sigma in
probability as n tends to infinity. We also show that max_{1 \le i \le n}
S_i/log(n) tends to \sigma in probability.Comment: 16 page
Development of two reference materials for all trans-retinol, retinyl palmitate, α- and γ-tocopherol in milk powder and infant formula
AbstractVitamins are important food constituents that can be present in almost every foodstuff. Food quality and safety depends on food surveillance by reliable quantitative analysis enabled by appropriate quality control. Certified matrix reference materials are versatile tools to support quality assurance and control. However, in the case of vitamins, which are important in various foods, there is a lack of matrix reference materials. Two certified reference materials for the determination of all–trans-retinol, retinyl palmitate, and α- and γ-tocopherol in milk powder and infant formula have been developed by the National Institute of Standards, Egypt. This article presents the preparation, characterization, homogeneity, and stability testing as well as statistical treatment of data and certified value assignment. The assignment of the certified values and associated uncertainties in the prepared natural-matrix reference materials were based on the widely used approach of combining data from independent and reliable analytical methods
Phase Transition in a Random Fragmentation Problem with Applications to Computer Science
We study a fragmentation problem where an initial object of size x is broken
into m random pieces provided x>x_0 where x_0 is an atomic cut-off.
Subsequently the fragmentation process continues for each of those daughter
pieces whose sizes are bigger than x_0. The process stops when all the
fragments have sizes smaller than x_0. We show that the fluctuation of the
total number of splitting events, characterized by the variance, generically
undergoes a nontrivial phase transition as one tunes the branching number m
through a critical value m=m_c. For m<m_c, the fluctuations are Gaussian where
as for m>m_c they are anomalously large and non-Gaussian. We apply this general
result to analyze two different search algorithms in computer science.Comment: 5 pages RevTeX, 3 figures (.eps
Dye-sensitized solar cells using dyes extracted from flowers, leaves, parks, and roots of three trees
In this paper, eleven natural dyes were collected from three trees and used as photosensitizers for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The cells were fabricated using TiO2 as a semiconducting layer deposited on transparent fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive glass using doctor blade method. The absorption spectra of the extracts were performed in the spectral range from 400 nm to 750 nm. The JV characteristic curves of all fabricated cells were measured and analyzed. The parameters related to the solar cell performance were determined. Moreover, the impedance spectroscopy of the cell with the best performance was investigated
Leadership Statistics in Random Structures
The largest component (``the leader'') in evolving random structures often
exhibits universal statistical properties. This phenomenon is demonstrated
analytically for two ubiquitous structures: random trees and random graphs. In
both cases, lead changes are rare as the average number of lead changes
increases quadratically with logarithm of the system size. As a function of
time, the number of lead changes is self-similar. Additionally, the probability
that no lead change ever occurs decays exponentially with the average number of
lead changes.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
Entanglement in squeezed two-level atom
In the previous paper, we adopted the method using quantum mutual entropy to
measure the degree of entanglement in the time development of the
Jaynes-Cummings model. In this paper, we formulate the entanglement in the time
development of the Jaynes-Cummings model with squeezed states, and then show
that the entanglement can be controlled by means of squeezing.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, to be published in J.Phys.
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