Enhancing the Efficiency and Reliability of a Standalone Solar Energy System for Homes in Iraq

This study explores the knowledge regarding unconnected solar energy systems, their configurations, and the effects of Iraq's warm weather. Furthermore, it investigates the advantages and disadvantages of implementing such systems in Iraq. The research recognizes the efficacy of off-grid solar energy systems and their potential to provide clean electrical energy to meet the needs of Iraqi citizens while reducing harmful environmental emissions. The study employs an applied research project to assess the operational efficiency of off-grid solutions. The PVSYST application was used to simulate the solar energy system data. The research aims to develop off-grid solar energy systems, assess the suitability of building roofs, examine how heat affects panel productivity, and evaluate the impact of shading on energy levels, among other objectives. The study also covers the components of solar energy systems and how to assess their quality to withstand Iraq's typically hot climate

Non-verbal Communication between Two Non-native English Speakers: Iraqi and Chinese

This study investigates non-verbal communications used by an Iraqi speaker to transfer meaning to a Chinese speaker and vice versa. Different situations, from Chinese environment, have been chosen and analyzed according to the body language movements. The study found out that although the two languages, Iraqi Arabic and Chinese, are differentiated in verbal languages; the two speakers can communicate and understand each other nonverbally. It is also evidence that non-verbal communication between the Iraqi and Chinese speakers is somewhat similar in spite of their two differentiated cultures, they could understand each other’s facial expression, gestures, proxemics, haptics, and Tactile

Technology and Physics of Gate Recessed GaN/AlGaN FETs

Gallium Nitride (GaN), a wide band gap semiconductor, gained importance as Heterostructure Field Effect Transistors (HFET) in the early 90s. The fabrication of first HFET opened a door for tremendous research over GaN FETs. Currently GaAs/AlGaAs Modulation Doped FETs (MODFET) are utilized with limitations in high power applications. The reason for such limitation is poor physical and electrical properties concerning to GaAs. But now a day GaN with astonishing features compared to GaAs for high power, electrical and optoelectrical devices is a hot topic of research. The reason is based on its interesting physical properties like thermal stability, high breakdown voltage, chemical inertness and electrical properties as well as a property of wide band gap which plays an important role in blue Lasers and devices with low noise. GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) and MODFETs are important electrical devices for high speed electronics. With the technological advent to control layer thickness in crystal growth by Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) and Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), HFET emerged with new horizons. Structures with different layers are grown and characterized. Group III-Nitride devices are highly promising for numerous applications. For the optical/display applications, LASERs and light emitting diodes (in the visible and UV emission range) are used. On the other hand the electrical properties of gallium nitride are being utilized in order to fabricate the electrical devices that provide high performance e.g., field effect transistors working at high temperature, high frequencies or high power. Talking about field effect transistors grown over different substrates, gate recess technology is indeed important to have better control over the channel, higher modulation speed, etc. but, off course, it is a very difficult process step which needs high precision. Gate recessed HFETs are useful to reduce pinch off voltage and the gate leakage current of the device. In this thesis “Technology and Physics of gate recessed GaN/AlGaN HFETs” some geometrical aspects of recess and gates are investigated. Additionally some problems of the recess technology e.g. etching defects, the control of recess etching depths, misalignments of recess will be discussed. This thesis is divided into the following chapters; Chapter 2 is mainly concerned with some of the most important physical properties of III-nitrides. An overview of different types of FET based on GaN is given in Chapter 3. The theoretical Models which are used in this thesis are also illustrated. Chapter 4 introduces the technology which is used to fabricate recessed gate GaN/AlGaN HFETs. A recessed gate is formed by etching the surface down and then deposition of gate metals in this region. Theoretically it is a way to improve control over the channel [1.3]. Etching is done with Electron Cyclotron Resonance-Reactive Ion Etching (ECR-RIE). Optical and e-beam Lithography is also discussed here. Chapter 5 presents the results and discussion of realized recessed gate HFETs. Here basically characterization is done as a function of recess spacing (Lg), recess depth (trecess), and source drain spacing. Transconductance, drain currents and source resistance are important parameters in transistor characteristics. HFETs with recessed gate fabricated, show good channel control as the transconductance is as high as 220 mS/mm with 250 nm T-gate and a shift in the pinch off voltage could be seen. A detailed epitaxial layer structure and transistor layout is given in appendixes with process technology and instruments used

A fatal case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) complicated with diabetes insipidus (DI): A Case report and review of the literature

Naegleria fowleri is a highly infective free-living amoeba usually isolated from soil and fresh water and is primarily found to infect the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). PAM as a cause of meningitis is often overlooked for other, more common causes of meningitis. Despite all the advances in antimicrobial therapy and supportive care systems, the mortality rate of this rare infection remains above 95% with the bulk of the cases being found in developed countries. We are presenting a case of a 44-year-old male with fever, worsening headache, and generalized weakness. Lumbar puncture showed a raised leucocyte count of 1100/µL with predominant polymorphonuclear cells, and wet mount prep for Naegleria fowleri was positive further confirmed with PCR. The patient was started Intravenous (IV) and intrathecal amphotericin-B, Per Oral (PO) miltefosine, IV rifampin, IV fluconazole, and IV dexamethasone. However, the patient started producing urine at 300-500 ml/hour. The patient\u27s sodium levels increased from 144 to 175 mmol/L in 12 hours with raised serum osmolality and decreased urine osmolality and urine sodium. The patient was started on PO desmopressin of 0.2 micrograms twice daily after which his urine output dropped to 60-80 ml/hour and sodium decreased from 175 to 162 and, later 155 mmol/L; however, the patient expired. PAM is a rare and extremely fatal illness, but with increasing incidence now being reported in developing countries as a result of better diagnostics. DI is a very rare complication reported in these patients leading to poor outcome. The complication of diabetes insipidus (DI) has not been extensively studied in patients having PAM. Only three cases have been reported with this complication. No mechanism has been mentioned in the literature behind the development of DI in these patients, and no study has mentioned laboratory details of DI as mentioned in this report

Rupture of Renal Angiomyolipoma Post Fibrinolysis: A rare complication of fibrinolytic therapy

Angiomyolipoma is a common benign solid tumour that accounts for up to 3% of all renal tumours; most of the cases are sporadic. However, it can be part of other diseases. Angiomyolipomas are usually found incidentally through unrelated clinically indicated images but also, they can be diagnosed after complications have occurred. We report the case of retroperitoneal haemorrhage following the rupture of renal angiomyolipoma post-fibrinolysis, we are highlighting such a rare condition, the management options and the follow-up plan. The management of angiomyolipomas ranges from conservative treatment to surgical intervention depending on the patient’s condition and the tumour’s radiological features. Following-up on patients with angiomyolipomas depends on the symptoms and the tumour size. Till date, there is no reported cases of renal angiomyolipoma rupture post-fibrinolysis therapy as a treatment for myocardial infarction in non-percutaneous intervention capable facility. Keywords: Angiomyolipoma; Myocardial Infarction; Fibrinolysis, Retroperitoneal; Hemorrhage; Artery Embolization; Percutaneous Intervention

Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) in adults: A report of two cases

Spinal cord injury without any radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) is rare in adults. We describe here two case reports of adult patients, who presented to us with quadriplegia, following a road traffic accident. Plain radiography and computed tomography (CT) of cervical spine were normal. Hence the patients were diagnosed as cases of adult SCIWORA. However, subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the two patients revealed cervical cord injury in the form of cord contusion and disc protrusion, respectively. Patient with cord contusion was managed medically, whereas the patient with disc lesion was treated with discectomy. Patient treated with discectomy showed marked improvement. Therefore, patients having no osseous injury on X ray and CT scan should have an MRI study done to look for surgically correctable pathology. As in such rare patients of SCIOWRA an early diagnosis and timely intervention is crucial; with MRI playing a pivotal role

On Locally S-prime and Locally S-Primary Submodules

 Throughout this article, we present locally prime, locally primary and locally S-semiprime submodules, as generalizations of prime, primary and semiprime submodules respectively. We investigate some properties and characterizations of these modules. For a multiplication module, the concepts of locally primary and locally primary are equivalent. Finally, we give the following result, if  is multiplication module, then  is locally primary submodule, if there exists a locally primary ideal of  such that  and . We provided that, every locally semiprime submodule of multiplication module is the intersection of some locally prime submodule

Non-invasive assessment of esophageal varices

The assessment of non-invasive parameters for the prediction of large esophageal varices among patients with liver cirrhosisis is of utmost importance. In this study, non-invasive parameters for prediction of large esophageal varices were retrospectively evaluated. The presence of esophageal varices grade III and IV was classified as large esophageal varices positive while no varices or grade I and II were classified as large esophageal varices negative. There were 473 (90.09%) patients with ascites [mild 38 (8.03%), moderate 257 (54.33%) and severe 178 (37.63%)]. Frequency of esophageal varices was found to be higher (n=415, 79.04%). Whereas, large esophageal varices were found in 251 (47.81%) patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predicted value, negative predicted value and test accuracy of thrombocytopenia in predicting large esophageal varices were found to be 88.05%, 59.85%, 66.77%, 84.54% and 73.33% respectively. A significant association for large esophageal varices was observed for low platelet counts (AOR : 0.98, 95% CI : 0.97-0.99), high bilirubin level (AOR : 1.22, 95% CI : 1.07-1.39), ascites (AOR : 1.98, CI : 1.02-3.85) and Child score A (AOR : 0.26, 95% CI : 0.09-0.75) and Child Score B (AOR : 0.42, 95% CI : 0.28-0.61). In conclusion, low platelet count, high bilirubin level and ascites are found to be non-invasive predictive factor for large esophageal varices

Evaluation of health system in Iraq from people's point of view: a comparative study of two different eras

Background: Since the 2003 United States–British coalition military invasion, Iraq has been in a state of continuous deterioration at all levels, including the health sector. This study aimed to elicit the viewpoints of the Iraqi people on the current health system, focusing on many provided health services and assessing whether the public prefers the current health system or that was provided before the invasion. Methods: A cross-sectional survey designed to explore the Iraqi people’s opinions on their health system. A self-administered questionnaire using a multi-stage sampling technique was distributed in five geographical regions in Iraq to collect the data from the head of household between 1st October and 31st of December 2019. Multiple logistic regressions were recruited to determine the significant contributing variables in this study. Results: A total of 365 heads of households (response rate: 86.1%) with the mean age of 48.36 + 11.92 years (ranged 35-78) included in the study. Most of the respondents (61.4%) complained of healthcare inaccessibility, 59.7% believed that health resources were not available, 53.7% claimed a deterioration in the quality of care, and 62.2% believed that the political / media position did not contribute to positive changes during the past two decades. Indeed, most respondents (66.0%) believe that the current healthcare system is worse than before. In the multivariate analysis, there was a statistically significant relationship between the characteristics and opinions of the respondents. Old age group (p = 0.003), men (p = < 0.001), married (p = 0.001), low educated (p = < 0.001), rural resident (p = < 0.001), unemployed (p = 0.003), monthly income of less than USD 400 (p = < 0.001), consider themselves to be unhealthy (p = 0.001),  and those who think that people are unhappy now than two decades ago (p = 0.012) have a more negative opinion of the health system. Conclusion: Most Iraqis surveyed expressed disappointment from the health system after the 2003 United States–British Coalition military invasion. The current health system is faltering at all levels and does not meet the citizens' basic needs. Health Transformation Program (HTP) has become inevitable to develop an accessible, affordable, high-quality, efficient, and effective health system