Object Replication Algorithms for World Wide Web

Object replication is a well-known technique to improve the accessibility of the Web sites. It generally offers reduced client latencies and increases a site's availability. However, applying replication techniques is not trivial and a large number of heuristics have been proposed to decide the number of replicas of an object and their placement in a distributed web server system. This paper presents three object placement and replication algorithms. The first two heuristics are centralized in the sense that a central site determines the number of replicas and their placement. Due to the dynamic nature of the Internet traffic and the rapid change in the access pattern of the World-Wide Web, we also propose a distributed algorithm where each site relies on some locally collected information to decide what objects should be replicated at that site. The performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated through a simulation study. Also, the performance of the proposed algorithms has been compared with that of three other well-known algorithms and the results are presented. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithms

Misuse and Abuse of Legal Argument by Analogy in Transjudicial Communication: The Case of Zaheeruddin v. State

This article explores the risks and limits of transjudicial communication. In particular, I critique the scholarly contention that transjudicial communication can be built upon commonly accepted methods of legal reasoning. I argue that transnational courts do not uniformly understand or apply commonly accepted methods of legal reasoning, especially legal argument by analogy. As a result, transnational courts that utilize transjudicial communication can and do render specious, even destructive, judicial opinions. I analyze the case of Zaheeruddin v. State—a controversial decision by the Supreme Court of Pakistan that upheld the constitutionality of Pakistan’s antiblasphemy ordinances. The Supreme Court of Pakistan poorly analogized to numerous U.S. Supreme Court authorities to bolster and legitimize its deeply flawed decision

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR AIRPOWER TO COUNTER NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY THREATS

The early theorists had conceived airpower to break the adversary's will and achieve decisive impact; however, technological deficiencies and weak strategies prevented airpower from doing so. Later, especially in the second half of the 20th century, advancements in technology and the advent of new concepts developed airpower as a military tool of the first choice to achieve strategic advantages. Traditionally, states remained the referent objects and a prime focus for national security, but post-cold war developments witnessed the emergence of a non-traditional security paradigm, increasingly making individuals referent objects of security. This security dimension primarily affected individuals and ideational aspects and led to the developing of a new identity-based construct with increasing political, economic, military, environmental, and societal influences. This paper highlights that despite the remarkable advancements in airpower technology and its ever-increasing role as a critical military instrument, its effectiveness in dealing with security threats and achieving a decisive victory in situations complexed by non-traditional threats remains ambiguous. Considering terrorism as a social construction allows investigation into unthinkable policies to counter it. Nevertheless, the main objective of the policy perhaps can be the deconstruction of the undesirable construct whereby airpower, enabled with modern technology, can act as a leading military component.   Bibliography Entry Bhatti, Amjad Mahmood. 2022. "Conceptual Framework for Airpower to Counter Non-traditional Security Threats." Margalla Papers 26 (1): 47-60

NAVIGATING THE PATH TOWARDS GEOECONOMICS: AN ANALYSIS OF OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR PAKISTAN

Preferring geoeconomics over geopolitics is trending globally, and Pakistan is also an aspirant to join the suit. In this regard, various factors influence Pakistan's shift towards geoeconomics, including economic interests, regional dynamics, domestic considerations, and external influences. Pakistan must make confident choices despite the challenges posed by its geography and world politics. Although its domestic economy is struggling and requires urgent attention, BRI and CPEC offer a promising opportunity for Pakistan to strengthen its economy. However, the impact of CPEC has been limited due to regional constraints and can only be realised once regional connectivity and trade and energy routes are completed and operationalised. The West has also launched its B3W initiative, recognising China's advantage in connectivity. They have warned against joining BRI, claiming it is a debt trap strategy. This paper argues that at this critical juncture of a geo-economic pivot, Pakistan must re-evaluate its choices and focus on developing its economy while prioritising economic development. It also examines the options available to Pakistan to facilitate this geoeconomic pivot effectively. The choices and their implications are likely to be persuaded by geopolitical constraints.   Bibliography Entry Bhatti, Amjad Mahmood, and Nataliya Shahrukh. 2023. "Navigating the Path Towards Geoeconomics: An Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges for Pakistan." Margalla Papers 27 (1): 1-12

Role of Customer Participation in Technology Innovation in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs): A Qualitative Study on Value Co-Creation and Co-Destruction

Bringing innovation to organizations is not only considered to be a growth strategy but also a way to survive in the current technological era. Technological innovation involves customer participation and engagementfor value co-creation and co-destruction, which raises new challenges in theory and practice. It becomes more challenging in the service industry, specifically the education sector. Limited literature is available regardingdifferent roles played by the participating customers during technology innovation. Therefore, an empirical study was needed to explore the role(s) of customer participation in the entire process of co-creation, the drivers for customers’ positive engagement, and the reasons behind the negative engagement of customers while participating in technology innovation process. The negative engagement of the customers not only hinders the success of the co-creation process, rather it also causes co-destruction from multiple aspects. The current study followed the qualitative method to explore the phenomenon of value co-creation and co-destruction. In order to perform this task, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with the representatives of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) firms and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) of Pakistan. The collected qualitative data was sorted in Nvivo 13 and thematic analysis wasperformed. The study concluded with the identification of multiple roles/dimensions of customer participation to foster or hinder the cocreation process. The major beneficiaries of the study include ICT firms and HEIs which need to re-assess their business processes. The study also contributes to the evolving theory of value co creation, while engaging the actors (customers)

Development of an efficient Computational Model for classification of Tissue remodeling

Tissue remodeling is one of the most important and crucial biological process. Process in which tissue reorganization and renovation takes place is called tissue remodeling. Mean of recovery in human beings is tissue remodeling in which damaged tissue are replaced completely with new tissue or through tissue repairmen types physiological and pathological tissue remodeling are two derivatives of Tissue remodeling. Normal Tissue remodeling is referred to as Physiological tissue remodeling, however abnormal process which may lead to a disease is known as pathological tissue remodeling. From past till now different techniques like histopathology and chemicals were being used to identify abnormality in tissues. Which is a time taking and costly processes. There is no such computational method which can be used for the identification of the physiological and pathological tissue remodeling. The current article aims to develop a classification model which has ability to classify weather the given sequence is physiological or pathological process. Three classifiers RF, ANN and SVM will be used for practice and evaluation of proposed classification model

A Study of the Relationship of Learning Styles of Undergraduate Medical Students to Academic Achievements

Objective: To find out whether learning styles influence the academic achievements of students of medical schools. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College, Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan, from Jun 2018 to Jun 2019. Methodology: Two hundred medical students participated in the study by completing VARK (visual, aural, read/write, kinaesthetic) questionnaire. The learning styles were assessed based on the questionnaire. The performance grades were obtained from the students' Department of the college. Results: Most students preferred unimodal learning 104(52%). However, there was a statistically significant gender difference. Most male students preferred unimodal learning (62.7%), whereas female students preferred bimodal (41.4%) learning styles. Aural learning was the most prevalent in the unimodal group 42(21%) in both male and female groups. The academic achievement was labelled as low (50% marks). There were 72.5% (n=145) of highachievers. More male students were high-achievers than female students (80.5% vs. 68.4%). There was no significant relationship between learning style and academic outcome. Conclusion: There was no difference in the outcome of academic achievement in subgroups of different learning styles. Further analysis revealed no gender differences in the effect of learning style on academic achievement