Rôle des compétences interpersonnelles sur la détresse des enquêteurs en exploitation sexuelle d’enfants : réflexion théorique = [Role of interpersonal skills on investigators' distress in the sexual exploitation of children: Theoretical reflection.]

Résumé La nature potentiellement traumatisante du travail des enquêteurs en exploitation sexuelle et physique d’enfants (EESPE) les rend vulnérables à développer des symptômes de détresse psychologique. La plupart des études ont mis l’accent sur l’importance du soutien et de l’utilisation de stratégies d’adaptation positives pour favoriser le bien-être des enquêteurs. Or, certaines compétences interpersonnelles pourraient aussi jouer un rôle protecteur en contextes émotionnellement chargés, comme il a été démontré auprès d’autres types d’intervenants exposés au stress et à des clientèles vulnérables. Parmi ces compétences, la mentalisation, soit la capacité à comprendre ses états mentaux et ceux des autres au sein des relations, pourrait s’avérer centrale pour ces intervenants étant donné ses effets bénéfiques sur le bien-être psychologique. Considérant que les enquêteurs sont constamment en contact avec des récits ou images potentiellement traumatiques, qu’ils interagissent de façon continue avec des individus en détresse et qu’ils sont exposés à différents stresseurs, la mentalisation pourrait les aider à mieux gérer la charge émotionnelle reliée à leur contexte de travail. Cet article propose donc un regard sur les stresseurs spécifiques au travail des EESPE, les impacts sur la détresse psychologique et les facteurs de protection de leur bien-être psychologique. Un modèle théorique sera présenté, proposant la mentalisation comme étant une compétence interpersonnelle pouvant jouer un rôle dans le bien-être des EESPE. Les implications potentielles de la mentalisation pour la formation et la pratique professionnelles seront discutées. Abstract The potentially traumatizing nature of the work of researchers into sexual and physical exploitation of children (RSPEC) makes them vulnerable to developing symptoms of psychological distress. Most studies have emphasized the importance of support measures and the use of positive adaptation strategies to promote researcher welfare. Certain interpersonal skills may also play a protective role in an emotionally charged context, as has been demonstrated among other types of intervenors, who are exposed to stress and vulnerable patients. Among these skills, mentalization, the ability to understand one’s own mental state and that of others with whom they are relating, could be crucial for these intervenors, given the beneficial effects on psychological well-being. Considering that these researchers are in constant contact with potentially traumatic stories and images, that they continually interact with distressed people, and that they are exposed to different stressors, mentalization could help them to better manage their working contexts. This article proposes an investigation of the stressors that are specific to RSPEC work, their impact on psychological distress and protective factors for psychological welfare. A theoretical model will be presented identifying mentalization as an interpersonal skill that could play a role in RSPEC welfare. Potential implications of mentalization for training and professional practice will be discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved

Small unilamellar liposomes as a membrane model for cell inactivation by cold atmospheric plasma treatment

International audienceCold atmospheric plasma is thought to be a promising tool for numerous biomedical applications due to its ability to generate a large diversity of reactive species in a controlled way. In some cases, it can also generate pulsed electric fields at the zone of treatment, which can induce processes such as electroporation in cell membranes. However, the interaction of these reactive species and the pulse electric field with cells in a physiological medium is very complex and still need a better understanding in order to be useful for future applications. A way to reach this goal is to work with model cell membranes such as liposomes, with the simplest physiological liquid and in a controlled atmosphere in order to limit the number of parallel reactions and processes. In this work, where this approach has been chosen, 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) has been synthesized in phosphate buffered aqueous solution and this solution has been treated by a nanosecond pulsed plasma jet under a pure nitrogen atmosphere. Only the composition of the plasma gas has been changed in order to generate different cocktails of reactive species. After the quantification of the main plasma reactive species in the PBS solution, structural, surface charge state, and chemical modifications generated on the plasma treated liposomes, due to the interaction with the plasma reactive species, has been carefully characterized. These results allow going further in the understanding of the effect of plasma reactive species on model cell membranes in physiological liquids. Permeation through the liposomal membrane and reaction of plasma reactive species with molecules encapsulated inside the liposomes has also been evaluated. New processes of degradation are finally presented and discussed, which come from the specific conditions of plasma treatment under pure nitrogen atmosphere

Synapse-specific expression of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in neocortical layer 5

In the hippocampus, calcium‐permeable AMPA receptors have been found in a restricted subset of neuronal types that inhibit other neurons, although their localization in the neocortex is less well understood. In the present study, we looked for calcium‐permeable AMPA receptors in two distinct populations of neocortical inhibitory neurons: basket cells and Martinotti cells. We found them in the former but not in the latter. Furthermore, in basket cells, these receptors were associated with particularly fast responses. Computer modelling predicted (and experiments verified) that fast calcium‐permeable AMPA receptors enable basket cells to respond rapidly, such that they promptly inhibit neighbouring cells and shut down activity. The results obtained in the present study help our understanding of pathologies such as stroke and epilepsy that have been associated with disordered regulation of calcium‐permeable AMPA receptors

Document d’appui à l’élaboration d’un baromètre pour mesurer l’évolution de la mise en oeuvre de la stratégie de transformation numérique du Québec : étude de cas sur les hypothèses de transformation : le cas du ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec

L’objectif de ce rapport est de rendre compte des enjeux de transformation liés au plan de transformation numérique du gouvernement québécois. Dans la Stratégie de transformation numérique gouvernementale 2019-2023 - Des services publics adaptés à la réalité d'aujourd'hui par une administration publique innovante1 officiellement lancée en juin 2019, le gouvernement a formulé une série d’ambitions visant l’ensemble des ministères et organismes. De plus, le gouvernement a annoncé une série de mesures d’appui ainsi que l’obligation de rendre compte des progrès à travers la préparation de plans de transformation numérique et l’élaboration d’indicateurs. Au cours des prochaines années, le gouvernement québécois souhaite ainsi être capable de suivre les progrès et l’évolution de la stratégie pour l’ensemble des ministères et organismes

La communication des neurosciences au tribunal : un courant de recherche à développer = Communicating neurosciences in court: a line of research to develop

Neuroscientists, clinicians, and researchers alike are increasingly called upon to act as expert witnesses in court, including in Canada. Indeed, the court asks to be enlightened to rule on, for instance, the criminal responsibility of an individual or the sentence to give based on a nervous system-related cause. Even if neurosciences are a burgeoning field, communication processes involved in neurosciences expert testimonies have not been the object of the same empirical scrutiny. This article presents pitfalls in knowledge transfer, notably those of the Canadian context, and aims at encouraging the development of a line of research pertaining to the communication of neurosciences by expert witnesses in court. Several arguments are presented. Eventually, scientific discoveries unearthed by this line of research will help to develop specific guidelines, to refine experts’ practices, to maintain their credibility in court, and to optimize knowledge transfer. Some qualitative and quantitative research designs are suggested

The role for saxagliptin within the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an update from the 2010 European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) 46th annual meeting and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 70th scientific session

Saxagliptin is a potent, selective DPP4 inhibitor. Highlights from abstracts presented at the 2010 meetings of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and the American Diabetes Association include studies and analyses that shed light on the promising role for saxagliptin within the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data show that saxagliptin combination therapy improves HbA1c levels compared with placebo, particularly in patients with high HbA1c at baseline, long duration of disease, low baseline creatinine clearance, and low homeostasis model assessment 2 β-cell function at baseline. These efficacy benefits are achieved without any increase in hypoglycemia or other adverse events. The study results also show that the saxagliptin plus metformin combination is a good candidate for initial therapy in drug-naïve patients treated for as long as 72 weeks. Survey data presented confirm that hypoglycemia (and fear of hypoglycemia) is a barrier to patients' acceptance of diabetes treatment, limiting its efficacy. Therefore, therapies such as saxagliptin that have a low risk of hypoglycemia may be more acceptable to patients in helping them to achieve glycemic control and to optimize their quality of life. In patients with renal impairment, for whom metformin is contraindicated, saxagliptin monotherapy is a promising option for antidiabetic management as, when given at a reduced dose, it is well-tolerated with a safety profile similar to that of placebo

Self-reported competence, attitude and approach of physicians towards patients with dementia in ambulatory care: Results of a postal survey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Caring for patients with dementia is a demanding task. Little is known as to whether physicians feel competent enough to perform this task or whether a lack of self-perceived competence influences attitudes and professional approach. Even less is known with respect to potential differences between general practitioners (GPs) and specialists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interrelationship between the self-perceived competence, attitude and professional approach of physicians in ambulatory care in Germany. A further aim was to compare GPs and specialists with regard to differences in these areas.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A standardised postal survey was sent to 389 GPs and 239 neurologists and psychiatrists in six metropolitan areas in Germany. The 49-item questionnaire consisted of attitudinal statements to be rated on a Likert-type scale. Return rates were 54 percent for GPs and 40 percent for specialists. Statistical methods used to analyze data included correlation analysis, cluster analysis and ordinal regression analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>No differences were found between GPs and specialists with regard to their general attitude towards caring for patients with dementia. Approximately 15 percent of both disciplines showed a clearly negative attitude. Self-reported competence was strongly associated with general attitude. In particular among GPs, and less so among specialists, a strong positive association was found between self-reported competence, general attitude and professional approach (e.g. early detection, active case finding and cooperation with caregivers). Differences between GPs and specialists were smaller than expected and appear to predominantly reflect task differences within the German health care system.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Training opportunities which enable in particular GPs to enhance not only their competence but also their general attitude towards dementia care would appear to be beneficial and might carry positive consequences for patients and their caregivers.</p

NR4A Gene Expression Is Dynamically Regulated in the Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine Neurons and Is Related to Expression of Dopamine Neurotransmission Genes

The NR4A transcription factors NR4A1, NR4A2, and NR4A3 (also known as Nur77, Nurr1, and Nor1, respectively) share similar DNA-binding properties and have been implicated in regulation of dopamine neurotransmission genes. Our current hypothesis is that NR4A gene expression is regulated by dopamine neuron activity and that induction of NR4A genes will increase expression of dopamine neurotransmission genes. Eticlopride and γ-butyrolactone (GBL) were used in wild-type (+/+) and Nurr1-null heterozygous (+/−) mice to determine the mechanism(s) regulating Nur77 and Nurr1 expression. Laser capture microdissection and real-time PCR was used to measure Nurr1 and Nur77 mRNA levels in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Nur77 expression was significantly elevated 1 h after both GBL (twofold) and eticlopride (fourfold). In contrast, GBL significantly decreased Nurr1 expression in both genotypes, while eticlopride significantly increased Nurr1 expression only in the +/+ mice. In a separate group of mice, haloperidol injection significantly elevated Nur77 and Nor1, but not Nurr1 mRNA in the VTA within 1 h and significantly increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) mRNA expression by 4 h. These data demonstrate that the NR4A genes are dynamically regulated in dopamine neurons with maintenance of Nurr1 expression requiring dopamine neuron activity while both attenuation of dopamine autoreceptors activation and dopamine neuronal activity combining to induce Nur77 expression. Additionally, these data suggest that induction of NR4A genes could regulate TH and DAT expression and ultimately regulate dopamine neurotransmission

Global Health Education: a cross-sectional study among German medical students to identify needs, deficits and potential benefits (Part 2 of 2: Knowledge gaps and potential benefits)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In Germany, educational deficits or potential benefits involved in global health education have not been analysed till now.</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>We assess the importance medical students place on learning about social determinants of health (SDH) and assess their knowledge of global health topics in relation to (i) mobility patterns, their education in (ii) tropical medicine or (iii) global health.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Cross-sectional study among medical students from all 36 medical schools in Germany using a web-based, semi-structured questionnaire. Participants were recruited via mailing-lists of students' unions, all medical students registered in 2007 were eligible to participate in the study. We captured international mobility patterns, exposure to global health learning opportunities and attitudes to learning about SDH. Both an objective and subjective knowledge assessment were performed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>1126 online-replies were received and analysed. International health electives in developing countries correlated significantly with a higher importance placed on all provided SDH (p ≤ 0.006). Participation in tropical medicine (p < 0.03) and global health courses (p < 0.02) were significantly associated with a higher rating of 'culture, language and religion' and the 'economic system'. Global health trainings correlated with significantly higher ratings of the 'educational system' (p = 0.007) and the 'health system structure' (p = 0.007), while the item 'politics' was marginally significant (p = 0.053).</p> <p>In the knowledge assessment students achieved an average score of 3.6 (SD 1.5; Mdn 4.0), 75% achieved a score of 4.0 or less (Q₂₅= 3.0; Q₇₅= 4.0) from a maximum achievable score of 8.0. A better performance was associated with international health electives (p = 0.032), participation in tropical medicine (p = 0.038) and global health (p = 0.258) courses.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The importance medical students in our sample placed on learning about SDH strongly interacts with students' mobility, and participation in tropical medicine and global health courses. The knowledge assessment revealed deficits and outlined needs to further analyse education gaps in global health. Developing concerted educational interventions aimed at fostering students' engagement with SDH could make full use of synergy effects inherent in student mobility, tropical medicine and global health education.</p