Development of microbial consortia for the management of leaf blight disease of coconut

The leaf blight disease caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae is an important foliar disease in coconut that results in a yield reduction of 10–24 per cent in Tamil Nadu, India. In the present study, five Trichoderma viride isolates, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis strains were isolated from the coconut rhizosphere and tested against L. theobromae. P. fluorescens Pf1, B. subtilis (Km1) and T. viride (TNAU) isolates were found highly effective against the leaf blight pathogen under in vitro conditions and hence, all the three antagonists were combined together to develop microbial consortia and tested against leaf blight disease under field conditions. Soil application of microbial consortia formulated using talc as a carrier material at 150 g (50 g each) and 300 g (100 g each) doses at different intervals (quarterly, half-yearly and annually) was evaluated for three years from 2011 to 2013. Among the treatments, the fungicide carbendazim was found to be the most effective against coconut leaf blight. Among the treatments with bioagents, soil application of microbial consortia @ 300 g+5 kg of farm yard manure at quarterly interval/palm/year was the best treatment which was followed by the treatment with TNAU Bacillus subtilis (Bs1) mixture in two locations. Confirmatory results were obtained in similar experiments carried out at two different locations during 2013–2014, too

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Not AvailableA long-term field investigation was carried out during 2001 to 2010 at Vittal (Karnataka) in a 22 year old coconut garden under laterite soil to study the impact of inorganic fertilizer substitutions by vermicompost (VC) on productivity and profitability of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). The treatments, viz. recommended inorganic fertilizer (500 g N, 320 g P and 1200 g K/palm/year), 25% of N in the form of VC (9.6 kg/palm) + 75% of NPK, 50% N in the form of VC (19.2 kg/palm) + 50% of NPK, 75% in the form of VC (28.8 kg/palm) + 25% NPK and 100% N in the form of VC alone (38.5 kg/palm) were imposed in randomized block design. Annual leaf production did not differ significantly among the treatments; however, integrated treatments resulted in higher number of leaves (12 no.). Six years pooled data on nut yield indicated that, application of vermicompost in combination with inorganic fertilizer either at 25% of N + 75% NPK (64.5 nuts/palm/year) or 50% of N + 50% NPK (66.2 nuts/palm/year) resulted in significantly higher nut yield. There was improvement in the nutrient status of coconut leaves with integrated nutrient management practices compared to inorganic or organic manure alone application. The soil organic carbon build up was observed with application of 50% N or more in the form of vermicompost compared to the other treatments. Microbial population in respect of fungi and phosphate solubilizes were higher when vermicompost was applied.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableInvestigations were carried out to study the impact of inorganic fertilizer substitutions by vermicompost on productivity of coconut during 2001 to 2009 at CPCRI, RS, Vittal in a 22 year old coconut garden under laterite soil. The treatments viz. recommended inorganic fertilizer (500g N, 320g P2O5 and 1200g K2O palm/year), 25 % of N in the form of Vermicompost (VC) (9.6 kg/palm)+75 % of NPK, 50 % N in the form of Vermicompost VC (19.2 kg/palm)+50 % of NPK, 75 % N in the form of Vermicompost (VC) (28.8 kg/palm)+25 % NPK and 100 % N in the form of VC alone (38.5 kg/palm) were imposed in randomized block design. Five year pooled nut yield data indicated that, application of vermicompost in combination with inorganic fertilizer either at 25 % Vermicompost (VC) + 75 % NPK (65 nuts) or 50 % VC + 50 % NPK (63.2 nuts) resulted in significantly higher nut yield. The copra content and oil content did not differ significantly among the treatments. However, the copra content was ranged between 182.2 g to 184.4 g/nut and oil content ranged between 64.0 to 65.8 %. Economics of different treatments indicated that, the net return obtained under 25 % Vermicompost (VC) + 75 % NPK and 50 % VC + 50 % NPK was higher (Rs. 16,673/- and Rs. 16,144/-per ha, respectively) compared to other treatments.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableField investigations were carried out on arecanut based high density multi-species cropping system at Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Research Centre, Kahikuchi, Guwahati from 1998 to 2008 to find out productivity and economics of the system. Arecanut, banana, citrus and black pepper crops were tried in two models with full, 2/3rd and 1/3rd of recommended fertilizer levels along with recycling organic biomass in the form of compost. The results on yield of different crops indicated that there was increase in the yield of main crop and component crops over the years. Yield of arecanut, citrus, pepper were higher at 2/3rd of recommended level of fertilizer coupled with organic biomass recycling in the form of compost. Banana yield was higher at full dose of recommended fertilizer. The major share of the production cost was towards labour (55 to 65 %) followed by fertilizers (30 to 40 %). The employment generated in the system was 450-475 man days compared to 250-275 man days in arecanut monocrop. The net income and B:C ratio were higher under 2/3rd of recommended fertiliser level compared to full dose and 1/3rd of recommended level of fertiliser.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableInvestigations were carried out during 2001 to 2004 to quantify the available biomass for recycling from the arecanut based high density multi-species cropping system models (arecanut, pepper, banana, clove, nutmeg, and citrus) under graded (full, 2/3rd,1/3rd of the recommended) level of fertilizers for all the crops. Results revealed that the total amount of available biomass from the system ranged from 8.76 to 10.50 t/ha/year. The highest amount of biomass for recycling was recorded from 2/3rd level of fertilizer dose (10.50 t/ha/year) under model I and the compost produced ranged from 5.4 to 8.4 t/ha/year and the highest was under 2/3rd level of fertilizer dose. The amount of nutrient contribution by recycling the compost in the garden ranged from 41.36 to 54.94 kg N, 32.69 to 42.55 kg P2O5 and 66.25 to 85.38 kg K2O per ha per year. The results also indicated that there was increase in the yield of main and component crops over the years. Yield of arecanut, citrus and pepper were higher at 2/3rd recommended level of fertilizer coupled with organic biomass recycling in the form of compost. However, banana yield was higher at full dose of recommended fertilizer.Not Availabl

Intubation Practices and Adverse Peri-intubation Events in Critically Ill Patients from 29 Countries

Importance: Tracheal intubation is one of the most commonly performed and high-risk interventions in critically ill patients. Limited information is available on adverse peri-intubation events. Objective: To evaluate the incidence and nature of adverse peri-intubation events and to assess current practice of intubation in critically ill patients. Design, Setting, and Participants: The International Observational Study to Understand the Impact and Best Practices of Airway Management in Critically Ill Patients (INTUBE) study was an international, multicenter, prospective cohort study involving consecutive critically ill patients undergoing tracheal intubation in the intensive care units (ICUs), emergency departments, and wards, from October 1, 2018, to July 31, 2019 (August 28, 2019, was the final follow-up) in a convenience sample of 197 sites from 29 countries across 5 continents. Exposures: Tracheal intubation. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the incidence of major adverse peri-intubation events defined as at least 1 of the following events occurring within 30 minutes from the start of the intubation procedure: cardiovascular instability (either: systolic pressure <65 mm Hg at least once, <90 mm Hg for >30 minutes, new or increase need of vasopressors or fluid bolus >15 mL/kg), severe hypoxemia (peripheral oxygen saturation <80%) or cardiac arrest. The secondary outcomes included intensive care unit mortality. Results: Of 3659 patients screened, 2964 (median age, 63 years; interquartile range [IQR], 49-74 years; 62.6% men) from 197 sites across 5 continents were included. The main reason for intubation was respiratory failure in 52.3% of patients, followed by neurological impairment in 30.5%, and cardiovascular instability in 9.4%. Primary outcome data were available for all patients. Among the study patients, 45.2% experienced at least 1 major adverse peri-intubation event. The predominant event was cardiovascular instability, observed in 42.6% of all patients undergoing emergency intubation, followed by severe hypoxemia (9.3%) and cardiac arrest (3.1%). Overall ICU mortality was 32.8%. Conclusions and Relevance: In this observational study of intubation practices in critically ill patients from a convenience sample of 197 sites across 29 countries, major adverse peri-intubation events - in particular cardiovascular instability - were observed frequently

Efficacy and adverse events profile of videolaryngoscopy in critically ill patients: subanalysis of the INTUBE study

Background: Tracheal intubation is a high-risk procedure in the critically ill, with increased intubation failure rates and a high risk of other adverse events. Videolaryngoscopy might improve intubation outcomes in this population, but evidence remains conflicting, and its impact on adverse event rates is debated.Methods: This is a subanalysis of a large international prospective cohort of critically ill patients (INTUBE Study) performed from 1 October 2018 to 31 July 2019 and involving 197 sites from 29 countries across five continents. Our primary aim was to determine the first-pass intubation success rates of videolaryngoscopy. Secondary aims were characterising (a) videolaryngoscopy use in the critically ill patient population and (b) the incidence of severe adverse effects compared with direct laryngoscopy.Results: Of 2916 patients, videolaryngoscopy was used in 500 patients (17.2%) and direct laryngoscopy in 2416 (82.8%). First-pass intubation success was higher with videolaryngoscopy compared with direct laryngoscopy (84% vs 79%, P1/40.02). Patients undergoing videolaryngoscopy had a higher frequency of difficult airway predictors (60% vs 40%, P<0.001). In adjusted analyses, videolaryngoscopy increased the probability of first-pass intubation success, with an OR of 1.40 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.87). Videolaryngoscopy was not significantly associated with risk of major adverse events (odds ratio 1.24, 95% CI 0.95-1.62) or cardiovascular events (odds ratio 0.78, 95% CI 0.60-1.02).Conclusions: In critically ill patients, videolaryngoscopy was associated with higher first-pass intubation success rates, despite being used in a population at higher risk of difficult airway management. Videolaryngoscopy was not associated with overall risk of major adverse events