Performance of EcoSan Toilets at Majumbasita in Dar Es Salaam – Tanzania

The performance of Ecological Sanitation (ECOSAN) toilets at Majumbasita-Ukonga in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania was studied in order to assess their feasibility for low cost and effective environmental protection. The studied parameters for urine were pH, TKN, phosphorus , potassium and E-coli and for faecal sludge were temperature, pH, TS, VS, COD , TKN, ammonium, phosphorus, potassium and Ascaris eggs. Results indicated a high pH up to 10.3 in the faecal contents due to addition of ashes. The temperatures were between 270C – 31.70C during the whole study period. The total COD measurements varied from 33 - 74 gCOD/l, while TS and VS were respectively 57– 81 gTS/l and 21 – 46 gVS/l. The results for TKN, ammonium, phosphorus and potassium in faecal sludge were 5045 – 6080mg/L, 5207-5852 mg/L, 29-70mg/L and 105-176 mg/L, respectively. Ascaris eggs were efficiently removed from faecal sludge that were strictly dry and had a pH of more than 10. The results for TKN, ammonium, phosphorus and potassium in urine were 4285-5010 mg/L, 111-195 mg/L and 190-251 mg/L, respectively. E-Coli were present in urine with pH less than 11.5 and were efficiently removed from urine with pH more than 11.5. Presence of pathogens in urine implies the separated urine can be reused in tree growing and not for fertilising food crops consumed raw

Suitability of Moshi Pumice for Phosphorus Sorption in Constructed Wetlands

The study of Moshi Pumice’s phosphorus sorption behaviours and  properties was carried out in laboratory scale where by 1-2 mm, 2-4 mm and 4-8 mm grains were tested using batch experiments. The results show that Moshi Pumice has high phosphorus sorption capacity. The sorption capacity for the Moshi Pumice was 2.5 g P/kg. For 1-2mm and 4-8mm grains; about 50% of phosphorus sorption in Moshi Pumice occurs in the first 18 and 20 hours, respectively. Compared to 4-8mm and 2-4mm grains, temperature didn’t significantly influence phosphorus sorption on 1-2mm grain. Moshi Pumice has high potential for phosphorus removal from wastewaters and it can be recommended to be used as a substrate in constructed wetlands to remove phosphorus. © JASE

Matumizi ya Mbinu ya Usimulizi katika Kuibua Dhamira ya Ukombozi wa Kisiasa Kusini mwa Afrika: Uchunguzi wa Nyimbo Teule za Muziki wa Dansi nchini Tanzania 1940-1990

Makala haya yanakusudia kuchunguza jinsi mbinu ya usimulizi ilivyotumika katika kuwasilisha dhamira ya ukombozi kwenye nyimbo teule za muziki wa dansi nchini Tanzania. Kimsingi, muziki wa dansi ulivuma sana kipindi cha miaka ya 1940-1960. Hiki ni kipindi ambacho kinahusiana moja kwa moja na vuguvugu la masuala ya ukombozi wa bara la Afrika. Kwa kuzingatia muktadha huu, makala haya ni muhimu kwa kuwa muziki uliochunguzwa umesheheni mambo mengi yenye mafunzo mengi kwa dunia yetu ya leo. Kimuundo, makala haya yamegawanyika katika sehemu kuu sita: utangulizi, historia fupi ya muziki wa dansi, methodolojia, nadharia iliyotumika, mjadala na matokeo ya utafiti, na mwisho ni hitimisho

Nitrogen Transformation and Removal in Horizontal Surface Flow Constructed Mangroves Wetland

The potential use of Constructed Mangrove Wetlands (CMWs) as acheaper, effective and appropriate method for Nitrogen removal from domesticsewage of coastal zone in peri-urban cities was investigated from August 2007 toSeptember, 2008. Field investigations were made on horizontal surface flowconstructed mangrove wetland located at Jangwani beach in Dar es Salaam. Awetland of 40m x 7m was constructed to receive domestic sewage from septic tankof Belinda Beach Hotel and was operated in an intermittent continuous flow mode.The wetland was loaded by sewage of strength 60% and 40% was seawater. Thewetland used the already existing mangrove plant specie Avicennia Marina. Theperformance of the wetland in removal of nitrogen species was determined. Theobserved removal rates of TKN, NH3-N and NO3-N, and were 61%, 85% and 76%,respectively. The removal of TKN was contributed by mineralization of organicnitrogen to NH3-N. The removal of NH3-N was contributed by nitrification,volatilization and mangrove uptake processes. Nitrification process transformedNH3-N to NO3-N at aerobic conditions while volatilization process transformedNH3-N in gaseous form that finally escaped from a water phase to the atmosphere.The removal of NO3-N was contributed by de-nitrification process that transformedNO3-N to nitrogen gas which escaped to the atmosphere. The removal processeswere attributed by the forcing functions pH, temperature and DO with averages of7.75, 29oC and 1.55 mg/L, respectively. Constructed Mangrove wetland has shownhigh potential in Nitrogen removal from sewage, therefore it can be used forsewage treatment.Keywords: Constructed Wetlands, Mangroves, Sewage, Treatment Performanc

Nitrogen Removal in Mangroves Constructed Wetland

The potential use of Mangroves Constructed Wetland (MCW) as a low cost, efficient and suitable method for nitrogen removal from sewage in coastal zone of urban cities was examined in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. In-situ examinations were done in horizontal surface flow Mangrove Constructed Wetland situated at Kunduchi beach area in Dar es Salaam. A wetland of 40 meters by 7 meters was constructed to receive domestic sewage from septic tank of Belinda Beach Hotel and was operated in an intermittent continuous flow mode. The wetland employed the already existing mangrove plants known as Avicennia Marina. The plants had an average breast height of 4 meters during commencement of experiments. The wetland collected the mixture of sewage and seawater at strength of 60% to 40%, respectively. The treatment efficiency of the wetland in nitrogen removal from sewage was determined. The observed removal rates of nitrogen inform of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) were 85% and 76%, respectively. Mangrove Constructed Wetland has a potential in nitrogen removal from sewages and it is suggested to be used for sewage treatment in coastal areas

Understanding Women's Help-Seeking With Intimate Partner Violence in Tanzania.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious global health problem affecting millions of women worldwide. Despite increased investments into its reduction, little research has been conducted into how women in low- and middle-income countries deal with IPV. This study seeks to explore this by looking in depth into help-seeking strategies utilized by abused women in Tanzania, using the 2015-2016 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey. The prevalence of lifetime physical and/or sexual IPV was 41.6% in this study, but only half of all affected women sought help from anyone. The only clear association found with help-seeking was the severity of IPV

Mobile Cloud Computing Based Technologies for Enhancing E-learning Content Delivery and Sharing in Higher Learning Institutions in Tanzania using Learner-Centered Approach

Electronic learning (E-learning) in Higher Learning Institutions (HLIs) offers a cost-effective teaching and learning that support social interactivity, flexibility, context sensitivity, and active participation of learners in learning activities. The objective of this study was to investigate the challenges facing the traditional E-learning tools and leverage the advanced capacity of Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) to enhance E-learning service delivery and sharing of learning resources focusing in learner-centered approach. Also, the evolvement of mobile computing devices such as smartphones, Personal Digital Assistance (PDA), and laptops owned by learners bring prospects in overcoming the inherent challenges facing HLIs in developing countries such as shortage of computer laboratories and network resources.Consequently, this study proposes MCC-based E-learning content delivery and sharing to augment higher learning institutions with limited resource setting in developing countries. The main benefits of MCC-based E-learning include, first, augment traditional LMS by provisioning abundant processing capacity and storage in the cloud that guarantee unlimited learning materials available for learners and instructors; Second, improves performance in local Learning Management System (LMS) servers by outsourcing execution and storage into the cloud especially when resource-intensive E-learning contents such as games, Virtual Reality (VR), and video streaming are used for learning; third, supports multi-platforms to execute the workload of various E-learning applications in the cloud which is potential for E-learning resource sharing; and fourth, guarantee cost-effective E-learning content delivery and sharing. Keywords: Mobile cloud computing, E-learning, content delivery, Learner-centered learning DOI: 10.7176/JIEA/13-2-03 Publication date:March 31st 202

Policy, Institutional and Legal Guidelines for Sustainable Use of Constructed Wetlands in Tanzania

The guidelines will provide all stakeholders especially planners, designers and constructors as well as funding agencies in the Tanzania with an easy guidance in policy, institutional and legal aspects required to be considered for proper planning, designing, construction and sustainable use of constructed wetlands technology. These guidelines will contribute towards improving sanitation delivery services in areas without access to conventional sanitation systems and hence will improve the environmental protection against pollution. In Tanzania, the need for guidance in policy, institutional and legal aspects during planning, designing, construction and implementation of constructed wetlands technology is paramount important due to poor institutional arrangement pertaining to issues of sanitation and due to unsuccessful stories given for some of the implemented constructed wetlands in some parts of the country. It is hoped that when these guidelines are properly followed and adhered to, it will yield a positive results in terms of proper planning, designing construction and implementation of the technology. The methodologies used were documents review and interview

Small pelagic marine fisheries for food sovereignty? The case of the dagaa fishery at three coastal sites in Tanzania

To implement effective ocean governance, development of policies and management strategies needs to incorporate input from communities that will be impacted by the decisions. People engaging in small-scale fisheries and aquaculture mobilize themselves in anticipation of various challenges, for example, food sovereignty. Food sovereignty is the right for people to access healthy and culturally appropriate food that is produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods. Little attention has been paid to documenting and understanding the struggles and efforts of small-scale fishers to ensure their own food sovereignty. In the Western Indian Ocean region, and Tanzania in particular, there has been a limited number of initiatives among coastal fishers that seek to transform food systems. To better understand these initiatives, this study was designed to examine collective actions undertaken in pursuit of food sovereignty among small pelagic fishers at three landing sites on the coast of Tanzania. Collection of primary data involved a survey of 206 individuals, 25 key informant interviews, 3 focus group discussions and participant observation. Secondary data was also collected from official fisheries records and published materials to supplement the primary data. The study revealed limited current capacity of the small pelagic fisheries to satisfy local demand of fifish for food security and sovereignty purposes due to increased fish trade supplying markets beyond the study sites. The prospects of satisfying an increasing fish demand from existing production systems are limited. Small pelagic fisheries need to be linked to the global food system through appropriate mechanisms to allow them to contribute meaningfully to food security and sovereignty

Synchronization and Caching Solution for Cost-Effective E-Learning in Resource and Bandwidth Constrained Environments

Electronic learning (e-learning) content delivery and accessibility have received significant research attention over years in order to ensure reliability, availability and cost-effectiveness through Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs).The evolvement of mobile computing devices especially smartphones bring prospects in overcoming the inherent limitations of the Internet when accessing web contents.  Among the potential opportunity revealed includes the ability to work offline. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the existing online and offline e-learning systems in order to explore the uniqueness, technical problems and opportunities in this field. In the same vein, this study proposed synchronization and caching approach for cost-effective e-learning content delivery. The proposed approach synchronizes contents from the original server to local database in mobile computing devices in order to deliver contents to learners in a reliable, cost-effective and timely manner. Finally, comparing existing web-based learning system and the proposed approach, the analyzed results provide empirical evidence that, the proposed approach is significant for bandwidth usage cost saving and hence cost-effectiveness due to ability of working offline. Therefore, synchronization and caching approach cut down several limitations in existing e-learning systems including:  reduction of cost of bandwidth usage; improving system performance by cutting down the servers’ workload and internet usage overheads; cutting down costs of purchasing hardware and increasing motivation in learning activities by allowing learners to access learning contents anywhere and anytime. Keywords: synchronization and caching, e-learning, cost-effectiveness, content delivery, offline