Comparative study of municipal solid waste generation and composition in Shiraz city (2014)

Background: Exponential growths of population and urbanization, and the development of social economy have resulted in an increase in the amount of MSW generation throughout the world. Objective: The present study aimed to survey qualitative and quantitative analysis of solid waste in Shiraz city and comparative these results with the world scenario of solid wastes generation for improving the sustainable management of solid waste. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 in nine municipality regions Shiraz with a total population of approximately 1,549,354 people. Basic data was gathered through Shiraz waste management organization. Then generation (per capita) and constituent percent of the solid waste were evaluated based on the sampling and field analyzing from reliable guidelines. Data were analyzed with Stata-13 and Excel statistical software. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test used for the normality of variables. Means were compared by Student T test and Mann-Whitney test. Findings: The rate of solid waste generated in the Shiraz city was 222.65 kg per person per year in 2014. Statistical analysis showed that the variables of organic materials, paper and cardboard, glass and metal between developed and developing countries were a significant difference (P<0.05) while plastics and textiles and were not significantly different (P>0.05). Conclusion: Solid waste per capita in Shiraz city (about 600g/day) was near to the average amount of solid waste generation in Iran and other developing countries. Due to the high content of organic material in municipal solid waste of Shiraz, minimization of these material and separation of dry and wet solid wastes must be noted from the people and municipalities

Separation And Union In Selected Poems Of Jalaluddin Rumi And William Blake In The Light Of Hermeneutics

Kajian perbandingan ini diadakan untuk mengkaji dua sasterawan mistikal yang terulung iaitu Jalaluddin Rumi dan William Blake dari sudut sumbangan mereka dalam penulisan sajak dan pembangunan spiritual melalui sastera mistik. In this comparative study of two great mystical literary figures, attention is directed at comparing Jalaluddin Rumi and William Blake with regard to their contribution in the poetic and the spiritual development of mystical literature

Molekularna karakterizacija i otpornost na antibiotike bakterije Clostridium perfringens izolirane iz trupova goveda i ovaca u klaonicama Shiraza u južnom Iranu

Clostridium perfringens type A food-borne poisoning is often caused by C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) encoded by chromosomal cpe. Contamination of meat with C. perfringens usually leads to food poisoning outbreaks. To find more information regarding the causative agent, we focused on the identification of type A containing cpe and netB genes in cattle and sheep carcasses slaughtered at Shiraz slaughterhouse and investigated the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant plasmid in isolated C. perfringens. 200 specimens were randomly collected by swabbing the whole outer and inner surface of the carcasses, and processed for selective culture on sulfadiazine polymyxin sulphate agar (SPS). The suspected colonies were further identified using species-specific primers as to confirm the presence of the cpa, cpe, netB and tetracycline and enrofloxacin gene resistance patterns. Our results demonstrated that out of 90 and 70 colonies of the positive cultures from cattle and sheep samples, respectively, 40% and 35.7% of the suspected colonies were identified as C. perfringens type A by PCR assay. Moreover, from those type A isolates, only 1 (2.7%) isolate was positive for both cpe and netB genes in the cattle carcasses. The MIC values also showed high tetracycline resistance patterns for cattle (45.8%) and sheep (92.3%) while all of the PCR positive C. perfringens type A isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin. The high prevalence of C. perfringens in slaughtered animals with a high rate of resistance to tetracycline implies the need for caution in the use of antibiotic in food animals.Trovanje hranom uzrokovano bakterijom Clostridium perfringens tipa A često uzrokuje C. perfringens enterotoksin (CPE), kodiran kromosomskim cpe. Kontaminacija mesa s C. perfringens obično uzrokuje otrovanje hranom. Da bismo doznali više informacija o uzročniku, iz trupova goveda i ovaca zaklanih u klaonicama Shiraza, identificirali smo tip A koji sadržava gene cpe i netB. Osim toga, u izoliranim bakterijama C. perfringens utvrdili smo prevalenciju plazmida rezistentnih na antibiotike. Obriskom cijele vanjske i unutarnje površine nasumično odabranih trupova, prikupljeno je 200 uzoraka koji su obrađeni selektivnom kulturom na sulfadiazin-polimiksin sulfatnom agaru (SPS). Sumnjive kolonije dodatno su identificirane primjenom specifičnih početnica kako bi se potvrdila prisutnost gena cpa, cpe, netB te gena za otpornost na tetraciklin i enrofloksacin. Naši su rezultati pokazali da je PCR analizom od 90, odnosno 70 kolonija pozitivnih kultura iz uzoraka goveda i ovaca, njih 40 %, odnosno 35,7 % identificirano kao C. perfringens tipa A. Štoviše, iz izolata tipa A dobivenih od goveđih trupova, samo je jedan izolat (2,7 %) bio pozitivan i za gene cpe i za netB. MIC vrijednosti također su pokazale visoku razinu otpornosti na tetracikline kod goveda (45,8 %) i ovaca (92,3 %), dok su svi PCR pozitivni na C. perfringens tipa A bili osjetljivi na enrofloksacin. Visoka prevalencija bakterije C. perfringens kod zaklanih životinja zajedno s visokom stopom otpornosti na tetraciklin upućuje na potrebu za oprezom u primjeni antibiotika kod životinja koje služe za ljudsku hranu

Using fuzzy logic approach to predict work-related musculoskeletal disorders among automotive assembly workers

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are considered an important health concern, particularly in automotive assembly industries. Evaluation of the effects of all MSDs risk factors is difficult due to its multifactorial nature. In addition, the risk factors cannot be detected accurately when they are only based on individual opinions. Thus, in this study, fuzzy logic tool was used to evaluate the combined effects of all risk factors on MSDs. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 100 male workers in an automotive industry. Job satisfaction, job stress, job fatigue, and body posture were evaluated by a self-reported questionnaire. Body posture was evaluated using Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Primary data analysis on extracting the input variables of MATLAB was performed by SPSS 22, with a significant level of 0.05. T test, one-way Anova, and Pearson correlation analysis were used to extract the input variables for the fuzzy logic model. The results obtained from the Nordic questionnaire was selected as the output of the fuzzy model. Fuzzy logic assessment was performed using MATLAB software version 7.0. Results: There were significant differences between WMSDs factors, including job fatigue, strain, working posture, and the REBA final score, and pain in all limbs of the body (p<0.05). A significant difference was also found between working posture with wrist score (p<0.05). The findings on defuzzification showed a strong correlation between real and modelling results. Conclusion: The results showed that many factors such as posture, fatigue, and strain affect MSDs. Based on the obtained results, all categories of risk factors, including personal, psychosocial, and occupational, should be considered to predict MSDs, which can be achieved by a modeling approach. Keywords: Automotive industry; Fuzzy logic; Work-related musculoskeletal disorders

Growth-oriented prevention of crimes related to social networks

Today, virtual social networks are the most powerful online media; To the extent that these networks facilitate the free flow of information to normal users; The circulation of sabotage information and new ways of committing crime has also been facilitated from this context. Any confrontation with crimes related to social networks requires the application of prudent and codified criminal policy. The anonymity of users, the difficulty of accessing professional criminals in this space due to the uncontrollability of non-native social networks and the severe vulnerability of the target, especially children, have doubled the need for growing prevention of crimes committed in this space. In this research, descriptively and analytically, an attempt has been made to analyze the concept in the field of crime prevention by describing the theories of criminological thinkers. The sources collected in this research are library method which has been finalized by using books, articles and related domestic and foreign scientific reports and researches in this field. Findings indicate that the use of community-based institutions, strengthening self-control mechanisms, individual-centered, family-oriented, school-based support programs and utilizing economic, cultural and social capacities to create the necessary conditions to prevent the tendency Children and adolescents are important to delinquency.On the other hand, jurisprudential teachings indicate that children and adolescents are among the most vulnerable sections of society physically, mentally and socially. Unfortunately, due to the limitations of researchers in accessing court cases, no case is properly investigated for the various dimensions of these crimes, and the scope of these crimes and delinquencies is increasing every day.Therefore, creating intelligent and integrated systems for accurate recording of statistics and information related to crimes in this field and providing researchers with access to this data, strengthening local social networks with a spark of creativity and initiative, paying special attention to promoting media literacy by providing And the provision of hardware and software facilities for educating adolescents, young people and their parents, as practical solutions to get out of this situation is suggested.The synergy of the set of governance pillars with the participation of citizens and civil society organizations in this dangerous path is an undeniable necessity