Comparing hydrogen fuel cost of production from various sources-a competitive analysis

The world's fossil fuel supplies are being depleted at an accelerated rate, and the demand for these resources is only growing. In addition, fossil fuels which provide 80% of the world's basic energy have detrimental effects on the ecosystem, mostly through the emission of greenhouse gases that exacerbate climate change. The urgency of swiftly shifting from conventional energy sources to sustainable or renewable alternatives that can meet present and future global energy demands is highlighted by the environmental crisis that is worsening. As an energy carrier, hydrogen emerges as a strong contender in this transition, and the cost of production of hydrogen is also associated. Thus, to provide a competitive analysis of the cost of hydrogen production, a thorough literature review was conducted. This literature review looks into both basic and advanced hydrogen production technologies, evaluating their cost-efficiency profiles. Comparing the cost of hydrogen production from various sources becomes critical in the pursuit of sustainable energy generation. It can quantify production costs by using powerful data analytics techniques. This entails meticulously collecting and preparing relevant cost data, identifying critical metrics, and employing statistical methodologies. Cost dynamics analysis includes descriptive analysis, data visualization, and rigorous statistical testing. According to the findings of this analysis, steam methane reforming technology has an impressive efficiency rate of 85% and a production cost of 2.27 USD/unit of hydrogen. Notably, while electrolysis produces cleaner hydrogen, its high energy consumption makes it more expensive than the less expensive SMR technology. Furthermore, regression analysis allows us to thoroughly examine potential influencing factors. Through rigorous data analysis, for example, a clearer image of the cost-effectiveness of different hydrogen sources might be created, enabling more informed decision-making in the field of sustainable energy generation

Review of MXenes as a component in smart textiles and an adsorbent for textile wastewater remediation

Two-dimensional (2D) MXenes have emerged as an archetypical layered material combining the properties of an organic-inorganic hybrid offering materials sustainability for a range of applications. Their surface functional groups and the associated chemical properties' tailorability through functionalizing MXenes with other materials as well as hydrophilicity and high conductivity enable them to be the best successor for various applications in textile industries, especially in the advancement of smart textiles and remediation of textile wastewater. MXene-based textile composite performs superb smartness in high-performance wearables as well as in the reduction of textile dyes from wastewater. This article critically reviews the significance of MXenes in two sectors of the textile industry. Firstly, we review the improvement of textile raw materials such as fiber, yarn, and fabric by using MXene as electrodes in supercapacitors, pressure sensors. Secondly, we review advancements in the removal of dyes from textile wastewater utilizing MXene as an absorbent by the adsorption process. MXene-based textiles demonstrated superior strength through the strong bonding between MXene and textile structures as well as the treatment of adsorbate by adsorbent (MXene in the adsorption process). We identify critical gaps for further research to enable their real-life applications

Noble MXene nanofluids' impact on solar collector effectiveness enhancement: a CFD numerical evaluation

The thermal flat plate solar collector (FPSC) is a versatile solar harvesting system that may be integrated into various designs and base fluids. This study presents a novel investigation of using nanofluids to transfer thermal energy in an FPSC system. Using the governing equations in CFD simulations, the performance of an FPSC is studied numerically. The base fluid has been defined as a 60:40 blend of ethylene glycol and water. The effects of three distinct volume fractions of MXene nanofluids in the 0.01–0.1% range on the efficiency are investigated. The numerical findings revealed that employing MXene nanofluid increases outlet temperature efficiency by about 5.83%, 6.06%, and 6.31% when 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1% volume fractions of nanofluids are used, respectively. The research aims to create a validated numerical model that can be used to assess the effectiveness of FPSC utilizing ethylene glycol and water or other nanofluids of any mass fraction as a working fluid. To examine the overall effectiveness of the FPSC, a numerical model was created using Solidworks software and ANSYS ICEM CFD. The numerical findings revealed that (i) increasing the proportion of MXene nanofluid in the FPCS enhances efficiency to 0.1% volume fraction, and (ii) MXene nanoparticles may be used in the solar collector to improve efficiency

Energy consumption, environmental impact, and implementation of renewable energy resources in global textile industries: an overview towards circularity and sustainability

This study aims to review the energy consumption, environmental impact, and implementation of renewable energy in textile industries to enhance circularity and sustainability in the textile industry. Textiles and clothing are the fundamental needs of human beings; this sector consumes an abundant amount of fossil fuels as the main energy supply and has impacts on the environment. However, alternative clean sources of energy can be applied in the textile industry. Moreover, the gradual elimination of fossil fuels and the implementation of renewable energy resources in textile industries is essential. By this paper, fossil energy usage in textile industries and its impact, as well as the application of alternative energy in textiles, can be perceived. In this study, the background of the textile industry, energy consumption, environmental impact, alternative sources, and saving of fossil energy has been narrated tidily. In summary, generally, more than 50% of thermal energy and around 70% of electricity are used in various processes of the textile industry. Along with fossil fuels, it has some adverse effects on the environment. But alternative energy sources and improved energy efficiency can reduce this pollution. Nevertheless, currently, textile industries consume plenty of fossil fuel energy to produce end products; there are huge opportunities to implement renewable energy as well as applying BAT and advanced technology can also increase the existing energy efficiency in the textile industries. Since textile is the eternal demand of human beings, we must give extra effort to this sector and save the immediate vicinity of mankind as well

Business trend analysis of RMG industry in context of Bangladesh-A case study

Bangladesh has made a tremendous contribution to RMG (Ready Made Garment) sector since the 1970s. Textiles and apparels consider for about 85% of the total export earnings of Bangladesh. Though it’s quite difficult to mete out the dimension of performance and objection of the RMG sector in Bangladesh but to fulfill the task this study has made a search based on the study of attainable documents. The beauty of this study lies in its way of narration, a sequential way of description. The study discovers that since its inception, the RMG industry contributed significantly to our economy especially during the last three decades. The cross-check analysis has been conducted to compare the last three decades’ export of RMG, specific garments export, GDP, market share, etc to get a lucid idea of the business trend of the RMG industry. These initiatives focus more on the establishment of sound structure, skilled manpower, enhanced market access, access to finance at the competitive interest rate, adaptation with advanced technology as well as institutional development. Therefore, both public and private sectors need to take several preliminaries, independently and collaboratively to overcome these challenges. Moreover, to take control and reserve the golden share of RMG, assured branding needs to be expansive

An experimental evaluation of specific heat of mono and hybrid nanofluids

The experimental study evaluates the specific heat capacity of diversified mono and hybrid nanofluids. Specific heat is one of the most important attributes of mono and hybrid nanofluids for various heat and thermal applications. Herein, varied mono nanofluids such as CNC, Al2O3, and ZnO and only one hybrid nanofluid such as Al2O3/CNC have been studied to figure out their specific heat capacity. Standard test method applied to measure the specific heat of mono and hybrid nanofluids by using DSC. Mono nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids present some significant results of specific heat capacity and hybrid nanofluids show a maximum of 126% negativity than mono nanofluids. These experimental values would be a good aspect of the nanofluid applications

A short review of nano-cellulose preparation from textile spinning waste cotton

Cotton fiber is the most used natural fiber among all other fibers as its application is not bound to the restriction. Cotton cellulose is a linear biopolymer and cotton is the most abundant as well as the most popular natural fiber for preparing natural human apparel that directly produces from nature. In the process of apparel manufacturing, each year huge amount of cotton fiber turns into waste. This paper aims to evaluate the preparation of nano-cellulose or nanocrystal cellulose from this waste cotton. Therefore, the waste cotton scenario of the spinning industry, statistics of waste cotton, and nanofiber in the spinning industry studied elaborately. Besides, this review describes the nano-cellulose materials preparation techniques, cotton waste source, nano-cellulose physical structure. Nanocellulose is prepared using a variety of methods, including biological, mechanical, organic mechanical, bacterial, and enzyme processes, as well as a variety of chemicals. Nano-cellulose preparation processes with a high proportion aspect and strong thermal efficiency in this phase pave the way for alternative cotton reuse. Nano-cellulose has become commercially popular, but it cannot be used across the market at a high price, but waste cotton is the solution for the cheap end price for food supply, drug supply, army dress, and textiles. Due to the availability of waste cotton in very cheap in market and conversion to valuable product it will be a value added product

Experimental Study on the Efficiency Improvement of Flat Plate Solar Collectors Using Hybrid Nanofluids Graphene/Waste Cotton

Flat plate solar collectors can easily be termed as the most vastly studied alternative energy transforming and generating technology of the twenty-first century. As the world is racing towards the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), more and more energy is being consumed for mega projects to be materialized. Electronic devices are not only confined to conventional intermittent and costlier electric energy, but also fuel. Solar energy is now being shared to work smart devices, transform electric energy, and operate automobiles, aeronautics, water heating, and space heating. Traditional flat plate solar collectors can only occupy 50–60% of their thermal efficiency, resulting in less heat generation and a low thermal performance because of using a common absorber made of copper tubing compared to a high conductive metal sheet (copper or aluminum). To ameliorate the thermal efficiency of the solar collector, it is imperative to find a superior alternative heat exchanger that will result in improved thermal performance of the solar collector. In this study, light has been shed in terms of substituting conventional heat absorbers with crystal nano-cellulose (CNC) and a graphene hybrid. An empirical comparison has been drawn by comparing the familiar 0.3% base fluid, 0.5% graphene, and CNC separately, as well as 0.3%, 0.5% CNC, and graphene hybrids at different temperatures. Remarkably, this work has proven that a CNC and graphene hybrid fluid with a volumetric fraction of 0.5% concentration and at a high temperature of 80 °C, gave astounding results for improved thermal conductivity, viscosity, and other parameters. CNC and graphene hybrid nanofluid can be a superior substitute for a conventional base fluid, resulting in prolific thermal performance

Sustainable hydrogen energy in aviation-A narrative review

In the modern world, zero-carbon society has become a new buzzword of the era. Many projects have been initiated to develop alternatives not only to the environmental crisis but also to the shortage of fossil fuels. With successful projects in automobile technology, hydrogen fuel is now being tested and utilized as a sustainable green fuel in the aviation sector which will lead to zero carbon emission in the future. From the mid-20th century to the early 21st numerous countries and companies have funded multimillion projects to develop hydrogen-fueled aircraft. Empirical data show positive results for various projects. Consequently, large companies are investing in various innovations undertaken by researchers under their supervision. Over time, the efficiency of hydrogen-fueled aircraft has improved but the lack of refueling stations, large production cost, and consolidated carbon market share have impeded the path of hydrogen fuel being commercialized. In addition, the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is another important element of the Aviation industry, Hydrogen started to be commonly used as an alternative fuel for heavy-duty drones using fuel cell technology. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the chronological development of hydrogen-powered aircraft technology and potential aviation applications for hydrogen and fuel cell technology. Furthermore, the major barriers to widespread adoption of hydrogen technology in aviation are identified, as are future research opportunities

A Comprehensive Review on Efficiency Enhancement of Solar Collectors Using Hybrid Nanofluids

Because of its potential to directly transform solar energy into heat and energy, without harmful environmental effects such as greenhouse gas emissions. Hybrid nanofluid is an efficient way to improve the thermal efficiency of solar systems using a possible heat transfer fluid with superior thermo-physical properties. The object of this paper is the study the latest developments in hybrid applications in the fields of solar energy systems in different solar collectors. Hybrid nanofluids are potential fluids with better thermo-physical properties and heat transfer efficiency than conventional heat transfer fluids (oil, water, ethylene glycol) with single nanoparticle nanofluids. The research found that a single nanofluid can be replaced by a hybrid nanofluid because it enhances heat transfer. This work presented the recent developments in hybrid nanofluid preparation methods, stability factors, thermal improvement methods, current applications, and some mathematical regression analysis which is directly related to the efficiency enhancement of solar collector. This literature revealed that hybrid nanofluids have a great opportunity to enhance the efficiency of solar collector due to their noble thermophysical properties in replace of conventional heat transfer working fluids. Finally, some important problems are addressed, which must be solved for future stud