Design techniques for temperature insensitive, low phase noise oscillator

A reference clock generator is one of the most important components in many electronic devices. Common clock references are based on quartz crystals which offer high quality factor, good phase noise performance and excellent stability against temperature, voltage and process variation. However, due to incompatibility with silicon integration and high power consumption, they are not suitable for biomedical devices which require long battery lifetime, low cost and especially small size but do not require near-crystal accuracy. This thesis focuses on eliminating the quartz crystals and generating reference clock on a silicon chip. Moreover, this thesis proposes a way of combining two major oscillator types available in CMOS (RC and Ring) technology, while preserving the unique qualities of both of them and coming up with the proposed RCR (resistor-capacitor-ring) oscillator, that o ffers an excellent alternative for biomedical devices and wireless sensor networks. We coin the term RCR signifying the proposed approach of combining RC oscillators with ring oscillators to achieve a performance better than the performance of individual RC and ring oscillators. In order to generate stable clock frequency against temperature and supply variations a novel CMOS reference clock oscillator is proposed which exploits the RC and ring oscillator performances, providing the best of both worlds in performance. The proposed oscillator employs a supply-regulated ring oscillator in a feedback loop that follows a frequency insensitive RC oscillator, which minimizes the frequency sensitivity to supply and temperature variations. The clock oscillator achieves negligible frequency variation against supply variation of 1.1 V to 1.3 V and 0:37% against temperature variation of -40 C 125 C. In addition, low power consumption is achieved by using mostly digital circuitry operating at very low frequencies. Even the phase noise performance of the proposed oscillator shows a very high FoM of about 160 dB at the o set frequencies of 100 kHz and 1 MHz. This stability to temperature and supply along with excellent noise performance is the unique cornerstone of RCR oscillators proposed in this thesis, which cannot be found in any full-CMOS oscillators. When the performance of the clock oscillator is compared to that of the recently reported low power CMOS reference clock oscillators, the frequency variation to supply variation is reduced to zero, temperature sensitivity is also improved by approximately a factor of 3 and normalized power consumption to frequency output is reduced by a factor of 5. The proposed CMOS clock oscillator is implemented in 65 nm TSMC CMOS technology and consumes just 220 W from 1.2 V supply at an output frequency of 50 MHz

Synthesis of GdVO<SUB>4</SUB> : Bi,Eu red phosphor by combustion process

The doubly doped (Bi3+ and Eu3+) GdVO4 powder is synthesized by the combustion of aqueous solutions containing metal nitrate (GdNO3), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) and 3-methyl-5-pyrazole-5-one (3MP5O). The powders are mixed thoroughly by mechanical crushing for 1 h. The aqueous solution containing the redox mixtures, when rapidly heated at 400 &#176;C, ignite and undergo a self-propagating, gas-producing, exothermic reaction to yield fine particles of metal vanadate. The powder was calcined at 650 &#176;C for 1 h and washed with 1N HCl and NH4OH (30%) for several times. The formation of crystalline vanadates was confirmed by XRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques. Excitation and emission spectra were also recorded. A strong emission line at 619 nm due to the 5D0 &#8594; 7F2 transition in the red region was observed. The combustion solution route may be proposed as an economical technique for synthesizing red luminescent GdVO4 : Bi,Eu phosphor