Urethral prolapse- case report and photographs

A report on menopausal age group urethral prolapse with illustrative photographs, its treatment and related literature review is presented

How much antibiotic for cesarean section and hysterectomy: short course versus long course

Background: Objective of current study was to compare cost and efficacy of short course and long course prophylactic antibiotics for hysterectomy and cesarean section.Methods: The current study is observational study. It has two antibiotic regimens a short course and a long course and these are compared for average duration of antibiotics, average cost of antibiotics, and outcome measures such as wound infection and febrile illness. Data were analyzed using t test, Chi-squared test, Epi info software used for analysis.Results: The short course low cost regimen is as effective as more expensive long course regimen, with no significant difference of wound infections and febrile morbidity (P >0.05).Conclusions: No statistical difference as regard wound infection and febrile morbidity in short course and long course of prophylactic antibiotic therapy in cesarean section and hysterectomy. There is statistical difference in antibiotic cost between two regimen, short course and long course for cesarean section and hysterectomy. The cost of antibiotic is 5.53 times less in short course regimen for cesarean section and hysterectomy when compared with long course regimen

Stability Indicating HPLC Method Development: A Review

High performance liquid chromatography is one of the most accurate method widely used for quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of drug product and it is used for determining drug product stability. Stability indicating HPLC methods are used to separate various drug related impurities that are formed during the synthesis or manufacturing of drug product. This article discusses the strategies and issues regarding the development of stability indicating HPLC system for drug substance. Keywords: stability indicating method, high performance liquid chromatography, drug substance

Emerging technologies for extraction of bioactives and polysaccharides from tropical fruit waste

The use of emerging technologies to valorize food waste is of growing interest, as the amount of food waste globally is very high. Useful bioactive compounds and functional ingredients can be liberated with the application of sequential separation and extraction processes as outlined in the Universal Recovery Strategy. Here we detail initial work done on analysing the yield of bioactive compounds and pectin from tropical fruit wastes via a control of thawed frozen waste compared with 2 processes: 1. Freeze drying combined with aqueous, solvent, and acid extraction, 2. Hydrodynamic shockwave technology, combined with aqueous, solvent and acid extraction. Our waste materials came from tropical fruit processing lines based in Queensland, Australia, and included both mango and pineapple skin and adhered flesh. Compounds of interest from the mango skin and flesh included polyphenols, carotenoids, anthocyanins and pectin, while compounds in pineapple skin and flesh included carotenoids, polyphenols and bromelain. The byproduct of all extractions was primarily cellulose and was of interest for bioplastic development. We present here our initial conclusions on whether hydrodynamic shockwave technology can enhance accessibility of bioactive compounds and separation of the different components of tropical fruit wastes

Microsphere: A Review

Microspheres having free flowing powder characteristics, which are consisting of synthetic polymers and  proteins. These are biodegradable in nature having particle size less than 200um. Microspheres are the multiparticulate drug delivery systems which are consisting from natural and synthetic material. Microsphere improves bioavailability, stability and target the drug to specific site at predetermined rate. types of microspheres are bioadhesive, floating, radioactive, polymeric and biodegradable microspheres. Microspheres are particularly used in novel drug delivery system. Keywords: microsphere, advantages, types, method of preprations

The prognostic significance of immune microenvironment in breast ductal carcinoma in situ

BackgroundThe role of different subtypes of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is still poorly defined. This study aimed to assess the prognostic significance of B and T lymphocytes and immune checkpoint proteins expression in DCIS.MethodsA well characterised DCIS cohort (n = 700) with long-term follow-up comprising pure DCIS (n = 508) and DCIS mixed with invasive carcinoma (IBC; n = 192) were stained immunohistochemically for CD20, CD3, CD4, CD8, FOXP3, PD1 and PDL1. Copy number variation and TP53 mutation status were assessed in a subset of cases (n = 58).ResultsCD3+ lymphocytes were the predominant cell subtype in the pure DCIS cohort, while FOXP3 showed the lowest levels. PDL1 expression was mainly seen in the stromal TILs. Higher abundance of TILs subtypes was associated with higher tumour grade, hormone receptor negativity and HER2 positivity. Mutant TP53 variants were associated with higher levels of stromal CD3+, CD4+ and FOXP3+ cells. DCIS coexisting with invasive carcinoma harboured denser stromal infiltrates of all immune cells and checkpoint proteins apart from CD4+ cells. Stromal PD1 was the most differentially expressed protein between DCIS and invasive carcinoma (Z = 5.8, p

Venous thromboembolism in COVID-19 patients and prediction model: a multicenter cohort study

BACKGROUND: Patients with COVID-19 infection are commonly reported to have an increased risk of venous thrombosis. The choice of anti-thrombotic agents and doses are currently being studied in randomized controlled trials and retrospective studies. There exists a need for individualized risk stratification of venous thromboembolism (VTE) to assist clinicians in decision-making on anticoagulation. We sought to identify the risk factors of VTE in COVID-19 patients, which could help physicians in the prevention, early identification, and management of VTE in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and improve clinical outcomes in these patients. METHOD: This is a multicenter, retrospective database of four main health systems in Southeast Michigan, United States. We compiled comprehensive data for adult COVID-19 patients who were admitted between 1st March 2020 and 31st December 2020. Four models, including the random forest, multiple logistic regression, multilinear regression, and decision trees, were built on the primary outcome of in-hospital acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) and tested for performance. The study also reported hospital length of stay (LOS) and intensive care unit (ICU) LOS in the VTE and the non-VTE patients. Four models were assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and confusion matrix. RESULTS: The cohort included 3531 admissions, 3526 had discharge diagnoses, and 6.68% of patients developed acute VTE (N = 236). VTE group had a longer hospital and ICU LOS than the non-VTE group (hospital LOS 12.2 days vs. 8.8 days, p \u3c 0.001; ICU LOS 3.8 days vs. 1.9 days, p \u3c 0.001). 9.8% of patients in the VTE group required more advanced oxygen support, compared to 2.7% of patients in the non-VTE group (p \u3c 0.001). Among all four models, the random forest model had the best performance. The model suggested that blood pressure, electrolytes, renal function, hepatic enzymes, and inflammatory markers were predictors for in-hospital VTE in COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COVID-19 have a high risk for VTE, and patients who developed VTE had a prolonged hospital and ICU stay. This random forest prediction model for VTE in COVID-19 patients identifies predictors which could aid physicians in making a clinical judgment on empirical dosages of anticoagulation

Hydrography and water masses in the southeastern Arabian Sea during March-June 2003

This paper describes the hydrographic observations in the southeastern Arabian Sea (SEAS) during two cruises carried out in March-June 2003 as part of the Arabian Sea Monsoon Experiment. The surface hydrography during March-April was dominated by the intrusion of low-salinity waters from the south; during May-June, the low-salinity waters were beginning to be replaced by the high-salinity waters from the north. There was considerable mixing at the bottom of the surface mixed layer, leading to interleaving of low-salinity and high-salinity layers. The flow paths constructed following the spatial patterns of salinity along the sections mimic those inferred from numerical models. Time-series measurements showed the presence of Persian Gulf and Red Sea Waters in the SEAS to be intermittent during both cruises: they appeared and disappeared during both the fortnight-long time series