38 research outputs found
PREVALENCE OF BRUCELLOSIS IN LIVESTOCK AND INCIDENCES IN HUMANS IN EAST AFRICA
Brucellosis is an emerging zoonotic disease that poses a threat to both
livestock and public health in east Africa. There are several reports
of occurrence of the disease in livestock populations especially in
Tanzania and Kenya, suggesting chances of increased spread to humans,
and the disease being misdiagnosed for malaria. The objective of this
study was to determine brucellosis prevalence in livestock and
incidence in humans among pastoralists and agro-pastoralists
communities in some areas of Kenya and Tanzania. A total of 2349
ruminants were screened using different serological techniques, in the
selected areas. Serum samples from the Southern Highlands Zone (SHZ),
Northern zone (NZ) and Eastern Zone (EZ) were screened using Rose
Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) antigen, and later positive samples were
confirmed using competitive enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay
(c-ELISA). Results showed prevalence of 11.4% in the SHZ (n=799), 2.4%
in the EZ (n=169) and 1% in the NZ (n= 408). Milk ring test was used to
test milk samples from Migori, West Pokot and Mwingi, and the
prevalences recorded in cattle were 17.9% (n=56) in 2012 and 11.7
(n=77) in 2014. Within the same period, West Pokot recorded prevalence
of up to 21.9% (n=96) in cattle and 16.7% (n=6) in goats. Generally,
Migori had lower prevalence in Kenya, but being the third lower in
Tanzania and Kenya with the prevalence being 4.3% (n=70) in goats and
2.2% (n=45) in goats. Serum from cattle and goats were tested using
compliment fixation test (CFT); showing 0.9% (n=212) prevalence in
Migori. In West Pokot, the prevalence was 4.0% (n=101) in cattle, 20%
(n=100) in goats and 13.8% (=29) in sheep; whereas in Mwingi prevalence
was 4.75% (n=43) and 9.5% (n=21) in cattle and goats respectively. A
total of 1,140 human cases were followed up in selected study areas
where livestock samples were collected, and an overall incidence of
22.7% (n=1140) was confirmed. Selected areas in Tanzania had an
incidence of 28.2% (n=578) and in Kenya 17.1% (n=562). Brucellosis is
endemic in many areas of Tanzania and Kenya and pose a high risk to
human health.La brucellose est une zoonose qui constitue une menace pour la sante
animale et humaine dans l\u2018 Afrique de l\u2018Est. Il existe
beaucoup de rapports signalant la pr\ue9sence de cette maladie dans
les populations d\u2019animaux, specialement en \ue9levage dans la
Tanzanie et au Kenya. Ces rapports font aussi \ue9tat de ce
qu\u2019il y ait des chances de contamination humaine, et la maladie
est en train d\u2019\ueatre mal diagnostiqu\ue9e parce
qu\u2019elle est confondue au paludisme. L\u2019objectif de cette
\ue9tude \ue9tait de d\ue9terminer la pr\ue9valence de
brucellose en \ue9levage et son incidence dans les humains, dans les
communaut\ue9s de pastoralistes et agro-pastoralistes en Tanzanie et
au Kenya. Un ensemble de 1,702 ruminant ont \ue9t\ue9
d\ue9pist\ue9s dans les zones d\u2019\ue9tude en se servant de
techniques s\ue9rologiques diff\ue9rentes. Des \ue9chantillons de
s\ue9rum venant de la zone Sud (SHZ), de la zone Nord (NZ) et de la
zone Est (EZ) ont \ue9t\ue9 analyses par des tests de
d\ue9tection d\u2019antig\ue8ne au Rose Bengale sur plaque (RBPT),
et plus tard, les \ue9chantillons positifs ont \ue9t\ue9
confirmes par des \ue9preuves immuno-enzymatiques (c-ELISA). Les
resultats montrait une pr\ue9valence de 11,4% dans la SHZ
(n=799)\ua0; 2\ua0,4% dans l\u2019EZ (n=169) et 1% dans la NZ (n=
408). Des \ue9preuves de l\u2019anneau sur le lait ont permis de
tester les \ue9chantillons de lait de Migori, West Pokot et Mwingi,
et de pr\ue9valence enregistr\ue9e chez le bovin \ue9taient de
17,9% (n=56) en 2012 et 11,7 (n=77) en 2014. Dans la m\ueame
p\ue9riode, West Pokot a enregistr\ue9 un taux de pr\ue9valence
de 21.9% (n=96) chez le bovin et 16,7% (n=6) chez les caprins. De
fa\ue7on g\ue9n\ue9rale, Migori exhibait de faibles taux de
pr\ue9valence au Kenya, mais s\u2019est classe troisi\ue8me faible
taux en Tanzanie et au Kenya avec une pr\ue9valence de 4,3% (n=70)
chez les caprins 2,2% (n=45) chez les caprins. Du s\ue9rum
pr\ue9lev\ue9 chez les bovins et caprins ont \ue9t\ue9 testes
gr\ue2ce au test de fixation de compl\ue9ments (CFT)\ua0;
montrait 0.9% (n=212) de pr\ue9valence en Migori. A West Pokot, la
pr\ue9valence \ue9tait de 4,0% (n=101) chez les bovins, 20% (n=100)
chez les caprins et 13,8% (=29) chez les ovins; tandis qu\u2019en
Mwingi la pr\ue9valence \ue9tait de 4,75% (n=43) et 9,5% (n=21)
respectivement chez les bovins et caprins. Un ensemble de 1,140 cas
humains ont \ue9t\ue9 suivis dans la zone d\u2019\ue9tude ou les
animaux ont \ue9t\ue9 \ue9chantillonn\ue9s. Une incidence
globale de 22,7% (n=1140) a \ue9t\ue9 confirm\ue9e. Les zones
s\ue9lectionn\ue9es en Tanzanie avaient une incidence de 28,2%
(n=578) et 17,1% (n=562) au Kenya. Cet \ue9tude a montr\ue9 que la
brucellose continue d\u2019\ueatre end\ue9mique dans plusieurs
zones de la Tanzanie et du Kenya, et ceci constitue un grand
risqu\ue9 pour la sant\ue9 humaine
Bovine tuberculosis in east Africa
The zoonotic Mycobacterium bovis is a pathogen of significance in the
dairy industry in many parts of the world. Although the pathogen
primarily affects cattle, it has a wide host range including humans. A
cross-sectional study was carried out in three agro-ecological zones of
Tanzania, namely the southern highlands zone (SHZ), eastern zone (EZ)
and northern zone (NZ), to examine the status of the disease in cattle,
in order to inform control measures. A total of 391, 169 and 401 cattle
were tested for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in the SHZ, EZ and NZ
respectively using the Single Intradermal Comparative Cervical
Tuberculin Test (SICTT). Results showed that the prevalence of bTB was
higher (P<0.05) in EZ 2.37% (n = 169) compared to SHZ 1.3% (n=391)
and NZ, where no positive result was recorded (n = 401). Thirty three
cattle from SHZ and seven from EZ showed inconclusive results. In
Kenya, 625 cattle from four sites within agro-pastoral and pastoral
production systems were tested. In one area of Mwingi County, eastern
Kenya, all the 161 cattle tested negative; while in the other three
sites of Migori, in Nyanza, West Pokot and Laikipia in the Rift Valley,
prevalence of 4-6% was obtained with SICTT. Bovine TB occurs in the
region and may pose a public health threat through occupational
activities and/or consumption of animal products, especially since no
obvious clinical signs were observed in positive animals. Policy issues
on how to deal with positive cases, creation of awareness on this
important zoonotic disease, and a simple test to quickly identify sick
animals in the field require urgent attention.La bact\ue9rie zoonotique Mycobacterium bovis est un agent
pathog\ue8ne d\u2019importance dans l\u2019industrie laiti\ue8re
partout dans le monde entier. Bien que l\u2019agent pathog\ue8ne
affecte essentiellement les bovins, il peut infecter une large range
d\u2019h\uf4tes l\u2019homme y compris. Une \ue9tude transversale
a \ue9t\ue9 r\ue9alis\ue9e dans trois zones
agro-\ue9cologiques de la Tanzanie, notamment la zone Sud (SHZ), la
zone Est (EZ) et la zone Nord (NZ), afin d\u2019examiner la
pr\ue9valence de cette maladie chez les bovins, en vue de
d\ue9finir des mesures pour son contr\uf4le. Au total, 391, 169 et
401 bovins ont \ue9t\ue9 testes pour la tuberculose bovine (bTB)
respectivement dans le SHZ, EZ et NZ. Le test Intradermique Comparatif
a la Tuberculine Cervicale (SICTT). Les r\ue9sultats ont montr\ue9
que la pr\ue9valence de bTB \ue9tait \ue9lev\ue9e (p<0.05)
en EZ 2.37% (n = 169) comparativement \ue0 SHZ 1.3% (n=391) et NZ, ou
aucun cas positif n\u2019a \ue9t\ue9 enregistre (n = 401).
Trente-trois bovins de SHZ et 7 de EZ ont montre des r\ue9sultats non
conclusifs. Au Kenya, 625 bovins provenant de quatre sites au sein des
syst\ue8mes de production agro-pastorale et pastorale ont
\ue9t\ue9 testes. Dans une zone de Mwingi a l\u2019Est du Kenya,
tous les 161 bovins ont \ue9t\ue9 testes n\ue9gative; tandis que
dans les trois autres sites de Migori, en Nyanza, West Pokot et
Laikipia dans la vall\ue9e du Rift, la pr\ue9valence \ue9tait de
4-6% avec le test SICTT. La tuberculose bovine est pr\ue9sent\ue9
dans la r\ue9gion et peut engendrer des menaces de sante publique au
travers des activit\ue9s d\u2019\ue9levage et la consommation de
viandes infect\ue9es, surtout qu\u2019aucun signe Clinique
\ue9vident n\u2019a \ue9t\ue9 observe chez les animaux
d\ue9pist\ue9s positifs. Il est important et urgent de d\ue9finir
des mesures de gestion des cas positifs, de sensibiliser les
populations sur les risques probables et de rendre disponibles des kits
de tests rapides permettant d\u2019identifier \ue0 temps les animaux
atteints
Multiple Trypanosoma infections are common amongst Glossina species in the new farming areas of Rufiji district, Tanzania
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis are among several factors that constrain livestock development in Tanzania. Over the years Rufiji District was excluded from livestock production owing to tsetse fly infestation, however, a few years ago there was an influx of livestock following evictions aimed at conserving the Usangu wetlands.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A study was conducted to determine the efficiency of available traps for catching tsetse flies, <it>Glossina </it>species infesting the area, their infection rates and <it>Trypanosoma </it>species circulating in the area. Trapping was conducted during the semi dry season for a total of 30 days (ten days each month) during the onset of the dry season of May - July 2009. Harvested flies after every 24 hours were dissected and examined under a light microscope for trypanosome infections and whole fly DNA was extracted from 82 flies and analyzed for trypanosomes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using different sets of primers.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The proportions of total tsetse catches per trap were in the following decreasing order S3 (33%), H-Trap (27%), Pyramidal (19%), sticky panel (11%) and biconical trap (10%). Of the 1200 trapped flies, 75.6% were identified as <it>Glossina pallidipes</it>, 11.7% <it>as G. brevipalpis</it>, 9.6% as <it>G. austeni </it>and 3.0% <it>G. morsitans morsitans</it>. Dissections revealed the overall infection rate of 6.6% (13/197). Whole DNA was extracted from 82 tsetse flies and the prevalence of trypanosomes circulating in the area in descending order was 92.7% (76/82) for <it>T. simiae</it>; 70.7% (58/82) for <it>T. brucei </it>types; 48.8% (40/82) for the <it>T. vivax </it>types and 32.9% (27/82) for the <it>T. congolense </it>types as determined by PCR. All trypanosome types were found in all tsetse species analysed except for the <it>T. congolense </it>types, which were absent in <it>G. m. morsitans</it>. None of the <it>T. brucei </it>positive samples contained human infective trypanosomes by SRA - PCR test</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>All tsetse species found in Rufiji are biologically important in the transmission of animal trypanosomiasis and the absence of <it>T. congolense </it>in <it>G. m. morsitans </it>could be a matter of chance only. Therefore, plans for control should consider all tsetse species.</p
Dispharynx nasuta (Nematoda: Acuariidae) em Guira guira e Crotophaga ani (Cuculiformes: Cuculidae) no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
Prevalence of the proventricular nematode tetrameres Americana cram (1927) in different age groups of chickens in the Morogoro Region, Tanzania
Tetrameres americana cram (1927) populations in chickens infected with different dose levels
Relationship between faecal egg count and chronic status of liver fasciolosis of cattle in slaughtered in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Fasciolosis is an economically important parasitic disease of cattle in tropical and subtropical countries that limit productivity of animals. It is caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. Conventional diagnosis of chronic status of liver fasciolosis during postmortem or meat inspection is not a better method for screening the disease. Biochemical diagnostic can be used for screening but it is very expensive to afford the cost. The current sudy aimed to establish the relationship between faecal egg count and chronic status of liver fasciolosis of cattle in Tanzania. A total of 198 cattle were screed for fasciolosis and found to have fasciolosis. During postmortem meat inspection it was found that 183 (93.2%) livers sampled were lightly affected, 6 (3.1%) livers were moderately affected and 6 (3.1%) livers severely affected. Only F. gingatica was detected in the moderate and severely affected cattle. The chronic status of fasciolosis based on gross pathological lesion and intensity of lesions of affected liver showed that 183 (93.2%) livers sampled were lightly affected, 5 livers were moderately affected and 4 livers severely affected. In moderate and severely affected livers, the number of Fasciola eggs was 9-12 and âĽ13, respectively. Cattle from Dodoma were more affected (76.7%) compared to those of from Shinyanga 33 (16.7%) and Singida 13 (6.6%). It is therefore concluded that the relationship faecal egg count and chronic status of liver fasciolosis of cattle could become a better test for screening of the disease of fasciolosis.Keywords: Chronic liver fasciolosis, soap sedimentation, relationship, diagnosis, feacal egg count
Molecular diversity of Theileria parva: a case study of Kilosa district, Morogoro, Tanzania
Theileria parva is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite which causes East Coast fever (ECF) in Eastern and Central Africa. A study was conducted between February and May 2012 in Morogoro region to determine the diversity of the T. Parva parasite circulating in cattle in Kilosa district. Also ECF cases reported between 2008 and 2009 at Veterinary Investigation Centres (VICâs) were analysed retrospectively to gain insight into the current status of ECF in Tanzania. A total of 100 cattle and 95 ticks were investigated. Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to determine the diversiyof T. parva by amplification of surface protein (p67). The study revealed the existence of two strains of T. parva with 800 and 900 bp respectively. This study revealed T. parva allele which has never been reported to be present in the imported ECF trivalent vaccine (âMuguga cocktailâ) currently in use. Retrospective analysis on ECF cases of the disease indicated lower prevalence of ECF compared to the prevalence reported by other workers. These findings call for more study on the molecular epidemiology of T. parva circulating in cattle in the different grazing lands in Tanzania. The VICs are required to improve their diagnostic facilities and database.Keywords: Indigenous cattle, pastoralists, molecular epidemiology, genotypin