Italian guidelines for primary headaches: 2012 revised version

The first edition of the Italian diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for primary headaches in adults was published in J Headache Pain 2(Suppl. 1):105–190 (2001). Ten years later, the guideline committee of the Italian Society for the Study of Headaches (SISC) decided it was time to update therapeutic guidelines. A literature search was carried out on Medline database, and all articles on primary headache treatments in English, German, French and Italian published from February 2001 to December 2011 were taken into account. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analyses were analysed for each drug. If RCT were lacking, open studies and case series were also examined. According to the previous edition, four levels of recommendation were defined on the basis of levels of evidence, scientific strength of evidence and clinical effectiveness. Recommendations for symptomatic and prophylactic treatment of migraine and cluster headache were therefore revised with respect to previous 2001 guidelines and a section was dedicated to non-pharmacological treatment. This article reports a summary of the revised version published in extenso in an Italian version

Sputter growth and magnetic properties of exchange-biased La[sub 1/4]Ca[sub 3/4]MnO[sub 3]–La[sub 2/3]Sr[sub 1/3]MnO[sub 3] epitaxial bilayers

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Characterization of coke on H-gallosilicate (MFI) propane aromatization catalyst: influence of coking conditions on nature and removal of coke

Coke deposited on H-gallosilicate (MFI) in the propane aromatization at different temperatures (400-600&#176;C), space velocities (770-82 500 cm<SUP>3</SUP> g<SUP>-1</SUP> h<SUP>-1</SUP>) and periods (7-125 or 240 h) has been characterized by <SUP>13</SUP>C CP-MAS NMR, ESR, IR, thermal analysis, GC-MS analysis of soluble (or soft) coke and temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO). The nature of coke and its removal from the zeolite are found to be strongly influenced by its coking conditions, particularly temperature and space velocity used in the propane aromatization. However, the period of coking has only a small or no effect on both the nature and removal of coke. In the high temperature (550&#176;C) aromatization at low space velocity, the coke formed is insoluble (or hard) and non-volatile in nature; it consists of highly polycondensed aromatics having graphite-like character. Its removal is possible only by oxidative treatment at high temperature. However, with the decrease in the coking temperature, the coke nature is gradually changed from highly polyaromatics to low polyaromatics. Also the coke removal by oxidative treatment becomes easier; it can be effected at lower temperatures. At the coking temperature of 400&#176;C, the coke formed is completely soluble/very soft in nature and consists mainly of methyl substituted pyrenes. It is volatile in nature and can be removed simply by its desorption at high temperature (600&#176;C). The high temperature (550&#176;C) coke formed at very high space velocity (82 500 cm<SUP>3</SUP> g<SUP>-1</SUP> h<SUP>-1</SUP>) is less hard than that formed at low space velocities (&#8804;3100 cm<SUP>3</SUP> g<SUP>-1</SUP> h<SUP>-1</SUP>). The formation of CO and CO<SUB>2</SUB> upon coke oxidation is also strongly influenced by the coking conditions and hence by the nature of the coke

Growth and relaxation mechanisms in La0.66Sr0.33MnO3 manganites deposited on SrTiO3(0 0 1) and MgO(0 0 1)

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Études par diffraction haute résolution et réflectivité de films minces épitaxiés

The studies we present concern the general researches involved in order to understand the growth mechanisms of thin films deposited on oriented substrates. Among the different investigation technics of the thin layers, X-ray diffraction and reflectivity will be discussed through two applications. In a first step, thediffraction presented, illustrated by reciprocal space mapping, will give information about the layer state of stress and the lattice distorsion of La$_{1-x}$Sr$_x$MnO$_3$ deposited on SrTiO$_3$. The results obtained are discussed and compared to those given by electron microscopy. In a second step, we will present an application of reflectivity concerning a very roughness surface of platinum deposited on MgO showing an island growth process. We will verify that reflectivity can lead to the determination of the recovered rate of the surface, even if some problems exist in the simulation of the whole data set. Results obtained in electron microscopy will complete those issued from reflectivity.Les études que nous allons présenter sont à replacer dans le contexte général de la compréhension des mécanismes de croissance des films minces déposés sur des substrats orientés. Parmi les diverses techniques d'investigations des couches minces, la diffraction et la réflectivité des rayons X vont être abordées à travers deux applications. Nous verrons tout d'abord que la diffraction, illustrée par la cartographie en deux dimension du réseau réciproque, permet de remonter à l'état de contrainte ainsi qu'à la déformation de la maille de La$_{1-x}$Sr$_x$MnO$_3$ déposé sur SrTiO$_3$. Les résultats déduits de ces mesures seront discutés et comparés à ceux obtenus en microscopie électronique. Dans la suite de l'article, nous verrons une des applications de la réflectivité, sur une surface très perturbée de platine déposé sur MgO et présentant une croissance en îlots. Nous verrons que la réflectivité permet d'estimer le taux de recouvrement de la surface, mais que des problèmes persistent dans la simulation de l'intégralité des données expérimentales. Les résultats obtenus en MET viendront compléter ceux issus de la réflectivité

Hydroliquefaction of green wastes to produce fuels

International audienceThe direct liquefaction of a biomass composed of a mixture of wastes (straw, wood and grass) was studied using Nickel Raney as catalyst and tetralin as a solvent. Tetralin allows to solubilize green waste from 330 °C at relatively low hydrogen pressure, and avoids the recondensation of the intermediate products. The green waste deoxygenation results mainly from a decarboxylation reaction. The addition of Raney Ni in the feed, increases the gas yield due to methane formation, without diminishing the yield in solvolysis oil. The catalyst hydrogenolyses the small molecules present in the light fraction. Moreover, it improves the quality of the oil by increasing the hydrogen transfer between the solvent and the solvolysis oil. As a consequence, the oxygen content decreases and the yield of oil soluble in hexane strongly increases. The catalyst allows to obtain straight long chain alkanes (C13-C26), which result from the hydrogenation of the extractives compounds of the green waste

Structural, magnetic, transport, and magneto-optical properties of single crystal La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 thin films

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