Recuperación de polifenoles de efluentes de almazara mediante procesos de membrana y tratamiento biológico de las corrientes de rechazo

Tesis por compendio[ES] Toneladas de aceite de oliva son producidas cada año en el área mediterránea, generando aguas residuales con elevada carga orgánica (COD) y polifenoles (TPhs). Los TPhs son compuestos fitotóxicos, sin embargo, poseen una alta actividad antioxidante, siendo valiosos para su comercialización. La Tesis Doctoral pretende implementar la economía circular para el tratamiento de estas aguas residuales. Para ello, varias combinaciones de procesos fueron estudiados, para recuperar TPhs y reincorporar estas aguas en el proceso productivo. El agua estudiada corresponde a agua de lavado de aceite de oliva (OOWW, "olive oil washing wastewater"), obtenida a la salida de la centrifugación vertical (lavado del aceite), generada en la elaboración de aceite de oliva mediante centrifugación de dos fases. El estudio contempla la utilización de procesos de membrana, resinas de adsorción y tratamiento biológico. Primero se realizó un pretratamiento (flotación, sedimentación y filtración con cartucho) eliminando 89% de grasas y aceites y 40% de color, turbidez y sólidos en suspensión. Luego fue alimentada al proceso de Ultrafiltración (UF) para obtener un permeado rico en TPhs con baja COD. Diferentes membranas, condiciones operacionales (presión transmembranal (TMP) y velocidad tangencial (CFV)) y protocolos de limpieza fueron estudiados. Modelos matemáticos semi-empíricos, método de superficies de respuesta (RSM) y redes neuronales artificiales (ANN) fueron utilizados para predecir el comportamiento de la densidad de flujo de permeado y analizar el tipo de ensuciamiento predominante. La membrana UP005 a TMP de 2 bar y CFV de 2.5m/s fue seleccionada, con una densidad de flujo de permeado estable de 40L/h·m2, bajo rechazo de TPhs (8%) y alto rechazo de COD (61%). Los modelos matemáticos indicaron que más de un proceso de ensuciamiento contribuyeron al ensuciamiento de las membranas. El análisis estadístico ANOVA de RSM mostró que la CFV como la TMP afectan a la densidad de flujo de permeado. Mediante ANN fue posible predecir los datos experimentales de variación de densidad de flujo de permeado con el tiempo. La nanofiltración (NF) y la ósmosis directa (FO) se estudiaron para concentrar los TPhs presentes en el permeado de UF. En la NF se analizaron varias membranas bajo diferentes condiciones operacionales para obtener el mayor rechazo de TPhs. La membrana NF270 a CFV de 1m/s y TMP de 10 bar, logró una densidad de flujo de permeado estable de 74L/h·m2, rechazo de TPhs del 94% y rechazo de COD del 83%. Para el estudio del ensuciamiento de las membranas se utilizaron dos técnicas espectroscópicas, fluorescencia 2D y FTIR, obteniendo información sobre la adsorción de algunos compuestos sobre la superficie de las membranas, y evaluar la eficiencia del protocolo de limpieza. En la FO dos membranas fueron analizadas para la concentración de TPhs. También se estudió el uso de aguas residuales procedentes de la etapa de fermentación en la elaboración de aceitunas de mesa (FTOP) como disolución de arrastre debido a su alta salinidad. Con la membrana HFFO6 (caudal de 30 L/h) se logró la concentración de TPhs en un 79% y la dilución de la FTOP. Cuatro resinas de adsorción fueron estudiadas para recuperar los TPhs presentes en los concentrados de la FO y de la NF. Se estudiaron diferentes concentraciones de resina, tiempos de contacto y disolventes de desorción para la obtención de un concentrado puro, rico en TPhs. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con 40 g/L de resina MN200 y una disolución 50% etanol/agua como disolvente. Finalmente, las aguas resultantes (concentrado de FO y rechazos de NF y UF) fueron sometidas a tratamientos biológicos. Primero se realizaron estudios para evaluar la concentración inicial de los reactores biológicos. Mediante tratamiento biológico SBR se logró eliminar en gran medida la COD y los TPhs (rechazo de UF) presentes, logrando obtener efluentes con características aptas para ser utilizadas como agua de limpieza de maquinaria.[CA] Tones d'oli d'oliva són produïdes cada any a l'àrea mediterrània, generant aigües residuals amb càrrega orgànica elevada (COD) i polifenols (TPhs). Els TPhs són compostos fitotòxics, no obstant això, tenen una alta activitat antioxidant, sent valuosos per a la seva comercialització. La Tesi Doctoral pretén implementar l¿economia circular per al tractament d¿aquestes aigües residuals. Per això, diverses combinacions de processos van ser estudiats, per recuperar TPhs i reincorporar aquestes aigües al procés productiu. L'aigua estudiada correspon a aigua de rentat d'oli d'oliva (OOWW, olive oil washing wastewater), obtinguda a la sortida de la centrifugació vertical (rentat de l'oli), generada en l'elaboració d'oli d'oliva mitjançant centrifugació de dues fases. L'estudi contempla la utilització de processos de membrana, resines d'adsorció i tractament biològic. Primer es va realitzar un pretractament (flotació, sedimentació i filtració amb cartutx) eliminant 89% de greixos i olis i 40% de color, terbolesa i sòlids en suspensió. Després va ser alimentada al procés d'Ultrafiltració (UF) per obtenir un permeat ric en TPhs amb baixa COD. Diferents membranes, condicions operacionals (pressió transmembranal (TMP) i velocitat tangencial (CFV)) i protocols de neteja van ser estudiats. Models matemàtics semi-empírics, mètode de superfícies de resposta (RSM) i xarxes neuronals artificials (ANN) van ser utilitzats per predir el comportament de la densitat de flux de permeat i analitzar el tipus d'embrutament predominant. La membrana UP005 a TMP de 2 bar i CFV de 2.5m/s va ser seleccionada, amb una densitat de flux de permeat estable de 40L/h·m2, baix rebuig de TPhs (8%) i alt rebuig de COD (61%) . Els models matemàtics van indicar que més d'un procés d'embrutament van contribuir a embrutar les membranes. L'anàlisi estadística ANOVA de RSM va mostrar que la CFV com la TMP afecten la densitat de flux de permeat. Mitjançant ANN va ser possible predir les dades experimentals de variació de densitat de flux de permeat amb el temps. La nanofiltració (NF) i l'osmosi directa (FO) es van estudiar per concentrar els TPhs presents al permeat d'UF. A la NF es van analitzar diverses membranes sota diferents condicions operacionals per obtenir el major rebuig de TPhs. La membrana NF270 a CFV de 1m/s i TMP de 10 bar, va aconseguir una densitat de flux de permeat estable de 74L/h·m2, rebuig de TPhs del 94% i rebuig de COD del 83%. Per estudiar l'embrutament de les membranes es van utilitzar dues tècniques espectroscòpiques, fluorescència 2D i FTIR, obtenint informació sobre l'adsorció d'alguns compostos sobre la superfície de les membranes, i avaluar l'eficiència del protocol de neteja. A la FO dues membranes van ser analitzades per a la concentració de TPhs. També es va estudiar l'ús d'aigües residuals procedents de l'etapa de fermentació en l'elaboració d'olives de taula (FTOP) com a dissolució d'arrossegament per la seva alta salinitat. Amb la membrana HFFO6 (cabal de 30 L/h) es va aconseguir la concentració de TPhs en un 79% i la dilució de la FTOP. Quatre resines d'adsorció van ser estudiades per recuperar els TPhs presents als concentrats de la FO i de la NF. Es van estudiar diferents concentracions de resina, temps de contacte i dissolvents de desorció per obtenir un concentrat pur, ric en TPhs. Els millors resultats es van obtenir amb 40 g/L de resina MN200 i una dissolució 50% etanol/aigua com a dissolvent. Finalment, les aigües resultants (concentrat de FO i rebutjos de NF i UF) van ser sotmeses a tractaments biològics. Primer es van fer estudis per avaluar la concentració inicial dels reactors biològics. Mitjançant tractament biològic SBR es va aconseguir eliminar en gran mesura la COD i els TPhs (rebuig d'UF) presents, aconseguint obtenir efluents amb característiques aptes per ser utilitzades com a aigua de neteja de maquinària.[EN] Tons of olive oil are produced each year in the Mediterranean area, generating wastewater with a high organic load (COD) and polyphenols (TPhs). TPhs are phytotoxic compounds, however, they have a high antioxidant activity, being valuable for their commercialization. The Doctoral Thesis aims to implement the circular economy for the treatment of these wastewaters. For this, various combinations of processes were studied to recover TPhs and reincorporate these waters into the production process. The water studied corresponds to olive oil washing water (OOWW), obtained at the outlet of the vertical centrifugation (oil washing), generated in the production of olive oil by means of two-phase centrifugation. The study contemplates the use of membrane processes, adsorption resins and biological treatment. First, a pretreatment (flotation, sedimentation and cartridge filtration) was carried out, eliminating 89% of fats and oils and 40% of colour, turbidity and suspended solids. Then it was fed to the Ultrafiltration (UF) process to obtain a permeate rich in TPhs with low COD. Different membranes, operational conditions (transmembrane pressure (TMP) and cross low velocity (CFV)) and cleaning protocols were studied. Semi-empirical mathematical models, the response surface method (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to predict the behavior of the permeate flux density and to analyze the predominant type of fouling. The UP005 membrane at 2 bar TMP and 2.5m/s CFV was selected, with a stable permeate flux density of 40L/h·m2, low TPhs rejection (8%) and high COD rejection (61%). Mathematical models indicated that more than one fouling process contributed to the fouling of the membranes. Statistical analysis ANOVA of RSM showed that both CFV and TMP affect permeate flux density. Through ANN it was possible to predict the experimental data of permeate flux density variation over time. Nanofiltration (NF) and forward osmosis (FO) were studied to concentrate the TPhs present in the UF permeate. In the NF several membranes were analyzed under different operational conditions to obtain the highest rejection of TPhs. The NF270 membrane at CFV of 1m/s and TMP of 10 bar, achieved a stable permeate flux density of 74L/h·m2, TPhs rejection of 94% and COD rejection of 83%. To study the fouling of the membranes, two spectroscopic techniques were used, 2D fluorescence and FTIR, obtaining information on the adsorption of some compounds on the surface of the membranes, and evaluating the efficiency of the cleaning protocol. In the FO two membranes were analyzed for the concentration of TPhs. The use of wastewater from the fermentation stage in the production of table olives (FTOP) as a stripping solution due to its high salinity was also studied. With the HFFO6 membrane (flow rate of 30 L/h) the concentration of TPhs was achieved by 79% and the dilution of the FTOP. Four adsorption resins were studied to recover the TPhs present in the FO and NF concentrates. Different resin concentrations, contact times and desorption solvents were studied to obtain a pure concentrate, rich in TPhs. The best results were obtained with 40 g/L of MN200 resin and a 50% ethanol/water solution as solvent. Finally, the resulting waters (FO concentrate and NF and UF rejections) were subjected to biological treatments. First, studies were carried out to evaluate the initial concentration of the biological reactors. Using SBR biological treatment, it was possible to largely eliminate the COD and the TPhs (rejection of UF) present, managing to obtain effluents with suitable characteristics to be used as machinery cleaning water.The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness through the project CTM2017-88645-R and The European Union through the Operational Program of the Social Fund (FSE) of the Comunitat Valenciana 2014-2020, ACIF-2018 and BEFPI-2021, and the Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry-LAQV which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020).Cifuentes Cabezas, MS. (2022). Recuperación de polifenoles de efluentes de almazara mediante procesos de membrana y tratamiento biológico de las corrientes de rechazo [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/191508Compendi

Recuperación de polifenoles de aguas residuales del procesado de aceituna de mesa mediante membranas

[EN] Wastewaters generated in the industrial processes of the food sector present high pollutant loads and not all are treated. One example are the wastewaters from the production of table olives, which are characterised by their high salinity and high concentration of organic matter and phenolic compounds. These phenolic compounds present a problem when treating this type of water in a conventional treatment plant due to their phytotoxic character and, on the other hand, they have a characteristic that makes them very valuable, outstanding antioxidant properties, which is of great interest to the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. This work is focused on the recovery of these phenolic compounds present in the residual brine from the fermentation process of table olives, by the joint use of two membrane processes, ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) to obtain a permeate low in organic load and salts, but enriched in these antioxidant compounds. All the assays were carried out at laboratory scale as a starting research point for future industrial implementation. Four assays were proposed, two using UF+NF process, being the UF permeate the NF feed, where the UF assays were performed with a membrane (UP005) and operating conditions considered as optimal after previous tests. For the NF tests, two membranes with different characteristics were compared, M1, with hollow fiber configuration (PENTAIR HFW1000) and M2 with flat configuration (NF245). The NF assays were performed varying two parameters: crossflow velocity and transmembrane pressure (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 m-1 and 1.0, 1.5, 2 bar for M1 and 0.5, 0.75; 1.0 m·s-1 and 5, 10, 15 bar for M2), to evaluate how these parameters affect permeate flux, membrane fouling and phenolic compounds recovery. The third group of tests was performed with concentration of the feed solution. These tests were performed with the membrane and operating conditions that presented the best results in the previous tests. Thus, the effect of the volume reduction factor (VRF) on the permeate flux and polyphenols recovery was evaluated. The fourth test was performed without the previous UF process, evaluating the behaviour of the M1 membrane when it is directly fed with the residual brine, because of the molecular weight cut-off of this membrane (1000Da) is intermediate between a UF and a NF membrane. The results showed that the UF membrane almost completely eliminated the The results showed that the UF membrane almost completely eliminated the turbidity and suspended solids of the residual brine. The NF membrane M1 presented 8 low rejection towards the COD, salts and phenolic compounds, whereas M2 showed a great capacity to reduce the concentration of COD and salts, and at the same time to enrich the permeate stream in phenolic compounds. The best operating conditions in the nanofiltration step, in terms of permeate flux, COD removal and recovery of phenolic compounds, were obtained with the NF245 membrane at 10 bar and 0.75 m·s-1 . The assays with the M1 membrane without the UF process as pretreatment showed a similar behaviour to the assays performed with the UF membrane, obtaining similar final concentrations in the permeate, so its characteristics are close to a UF membrane type.La industria de elaboración de aceitunas de mesa es una de las más importantes en el área del Mediterráneo. Las aguas residuales generadas por esta industria destacan por su elevada capacidad contaminante y por el interés que presentan los compuestos fenólicos contenidos en ellas. Estos compuestos son difíciles de degradar y tienen una característica dual, ya que poseen carácter fitotóxico para el suelo pero, por contra, tienen un elevado poder antioxidante, lo que los hace muy valiosos para la industria alimentaria, cosmética y farmacéutica. Por tanto, la recuperación de dichos compuestos fenólicos a partir del residuo industrial generado en este sector permitiría, por un lado, reducir la capacidad contaminante de estas aguas y, por otro, posibilitaría la obtención y comercialización de compuestos de alto valor añadido. Las aguas residuales procedentes de la elaboración de las aceitunas se caracterizan por poseer una elevada conductividad y carga orgánica. El uso de procesos de membrana para la recuperación y concentración de los compuestos fenólicos ofrece importantes ventajas, ya que permiten concentrar y/o eliminar materia orgánica residual y sólidos disueltos sin necesidad de añadir productos químicos y con reducidas inversiones de capital. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es recuperar los compuestos fenólicos presentes en las aguas residuales procedentes de la elaboración de aceitunas de mesa mediante tecnología de membranas, combinando la ultrafiltración (UF) y la nanofiltración (NF). La UF se llevará a cabo con la membrana UP005 (Microdin Nadir, EEUU) a 25ºC, 3 bar y 2.2 m/s y se recogerá el volumen suficiente de permeado para poder realizar, a continuación, los ensayos de NF. El objetivo de la UF es eliminar, en la corriente de rechazo, partículas en suspensión y la mayor parte de la materia orgánica, manteniendo un rechazo reducido a los polifenoles. De este modo se disminuye el ensuciamiento de las membranas de NF. En la etapa de NF se llevará a cabo la separación de los polifenoles del resto de la materia orgánica presente en el agua residual. En esta etapa se compararán dos membranas diferentes: Pentair HFW100 (Pentair, Holanda) y NF245 (Dow Filmtec, EEUU), así como diferentes condiciones de operación (velocidades tangenciales y presiones transmembranales), con el objetivo de alcanzar la mayor densidad de flujo de permeado, el mayor rechazo a la materia orgánica y el menor rechazo a los polifenoles. Inicialmente los ensayos se realizarán con recirculación total tanto del permeado como del rechazo. Para las mejores condiciones de operación se harán ensayos sin recircular el permeado (aumentando la concentración) para ver el efecto del factor de reducción de volumen sobre la densidad de flujo de permeado y sobre el rechazo a los diferentes compuestos. En los ensayos de UF y NF se determinará la variación de la densidad de flujo de permeado a lo largo del tiempo y se analizará, en las corrientes de rechazo y permeado, el pH, la conductividad, el color, la turbidez, la demanda química de oxígeno, los sólidos en suspensión y la concentración total de compuestos fenólicos.Cifuentes Cabezas, MS. (2017). Recuperación de polifenoles de aguas residuales del procesado de aceituna de mesa mediante membranas. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/89644TFG

El triángulo virtuoso de la corrosión-protección electroquímica

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo perfeccionar el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje del par corrosión-protección, con la utilización de un triángulo virtuoso en donde se identifican los elementos base presentes en la corrosión elec- troquímica como son: Ánodo, Cátodo y Electrólito. En dicho triangulo se identifican los elementos recién mencionados específicamente en los vértices, los que están unidos por sus respectivas aristas para completar dicho triángulo. Cada vértice de este triángulo es a la vez otro triángulo que se activa o desactiva dependiendo si se rompe el circuito del triángulo principal (vértice). De el mismo modo, las aristas representan la conexión eléctrica pertinente entre cada ele- mento, ya sea conductor de electrones o conductor iónico electrolito-electrodo. Dependiendo si se está en presencia de corrosión o de protección contra la corrosión se tendrán las polaridades respectivas de pila galvánica o celda de electrólisis, independiente de la polaridad la interpretación y uso del triángulo virtuoso es análogo en ambos casos, teniendo eso sí que previamente identificar en que caso del tipo de fenómeno se está. Este nuevo método utiliza una forma gráfica de ver la problemática de la corrosión y su protección, lo que contribuye al desarrollo de los estudiantes y fomenta su interés por esta materia, incrementa sus conocimientos mediante el estudio por etapas consecutivas interrelacionadas entre sí. Palabras Clave: Corrosión; Ánodo; Cátodo; Electrolito; Triángulo virtuoso

Concentration of phenolic compounds from olive washing wastewater by forward osmosis using table olive fermentation brine as draw solution

[EN] The olive industry has a considerable amount of process water consumption. As a result of the process, a large volume of oil mill wastewater (OMW) and table olive wastewater (TOW), both of them with high concentrations of organic matter, phenolic compounds and conductivity, are released. The appropriate management of these wastewaters is of paramount importance due to their toxic impacts on the environment. In this work, forward osmosis (FO) process is presented as an option to concentrate phenolic compounds for their further recovery. Two membranes, OsmoF2OTM (FTS, USA) and HFFO.6 (Aquaporin, Denmark) were evaluated with NaCl as draw solution (DS) and olive oil washing wastewater (OOWW) filtered at 5 mu m (5F) as feed solution (FS). Both membranes were able to concentrate the phenolic compounds with acceptable volume reduction (VR) values. The HFFO.6 membrane, which presented the lowest passage of phenolic compounds (TPhC) to the DS, was tested with fermentation brine from table olive processing (FTOP) as DS. As FS the same 5F-OOWW as well as an OOWW ultrafiltration permeate (UF-OOWW) were considered. Interestingly, greater percentages of TPhC concentration were observed compared to the tests with NaCl as DS (74.13- 76.93% versus 62.6%, respectively). Although the tests with UF-OOWW presented greater flux, the recovery percentages of TPhC were similar, even slightly lower than those obtained with 5F-OOWW. Therefore, FO appears as a promising option to concentrate TPhC from OOWW and as well as to dilute FTOP. Thus both wastewaters from the olive industry could be treated at the same time.The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of Spain through the project CTM2017-88645-R and The European Union through the Operational Program of the Social Fund (FSE) . Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Politècnica de València.Cifuentes-Cabezas, MS.; Pavani, A.; Vincent Vela, MC.; Mendoza Roca, JA.; Alvarez Blanco, S. (2023). Concentration of phenolic compounds from olive washing wastewater by forward osmosis using table olive fermentation brine as draw solution. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 30:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.1030541153

Feasibility of Forward Osmosis to Recover Textile Dyes Using Single Salts and Multicomponent Draw Solutions

[EN] The textile industry generates large volumes of water characterized mainly by an intense color coming from dyes that are difficult to process due to their synthetic base and the presence of aromatic components. Due to the stricter regulation on the discharge of these effluents, in order to reduce dye waste before discharge into natural channels, alternatives are being sought to manage this wastewater. In this work, the concentration of dyes in simulated wastewater from the textile industry was studied by forward osmosis (with a cellulose triacetate CTA membrane), with the aim of concentrating the dye for its future recovery and reincorporation into the production process. Two dyes of different nature were evaluated to study the efficiency of the proposed process, using NaCl and reverse osmosis brine from a model seawater desalination solution as extraction solutions. It was observed that dye type (reactive or direct) and their charge influence the color rejection with the forward osmosis membrane used. It was able to concentrate the dyes in the feed solution up to approximately 55% with the reverse osmosis brine from the model seawater desalination solution. Finally, the results demonstrate that the FO process is a promising option for concentrating dyes present in wastewater from the textile industry in order to reuse them in the dyeing process.The authors acknowledge the financial support of Project PID2022-138299OB-I00 funded by MCIN/ AEI / 10.13039/501100011033 / FEDER, UE and PAID-11-22 within the framework of the Programme of the Vice-Rectorate for Research of the Universitat Politècnica de València.Cifuentes-Cabezas, M.; García-Suarez, L.; Soler Cabezas, JL.; Cuartas Uribe, BE.; Alvarez Blanco, S.; Mendoza Roca, JA.; Vincent Vela, MC. (2023). Feasibility of Forward Osmosis to Recover Textile Dyes Using Single Salts and Multicomponent Draw Solutions. Membranes. 13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13120911131

Deep Study on Fouling Modelling of Ultrafiltration Membranes Used for OMW Treatment: Comparison Between Semi-empirical Models, Response Surface, and Artificial Neural Networks

[EN] Olive oil production generates a large amount of wastewater called olive mill wastewater. This paper presents the study of the effect of transmembrane pressure and cross flow velocity on the decrease in permeate flux of different ultrafiltration membranes (material and pore size) when treating a two-phase olive mill wastewater (olive oil washing wastewater). Both semi-empirical models (Hermia models adapted to tangential filtration, combined model, and series resistance model), as well as statistical and machine learning methods (response surface methodology and artificial neural networks), were studied. Regarding the Hermia model, despite the good fit, the main drawback is that it does not consider the possibility that these mechanisms occur simultaneously in the same process. According to the accuracy of the fit of the models, in terms of R-2 and SD, both the series resistance model and the combined model were able to represent the experimental data well. This indicates that both cake layer formation and pore blockage contributed to membrane fouling. The inorganic membranes showed a greater tendency to irreversible fouling, with higher values of the R-a/R-T (adsorption/total resistance) ratio. Response surface methodology ANOVA showed that both cross flow velocity and transmembrane pressure are significant variables with respect to permeate flux for all membranes studied. Regarding artificial neural networks, the tansig function presented better results than the selu function, all presenting high R-2, ranging from 0.96 to 0.99. However, the comparison of all the analyzed models showed that depending on the membrane, one model fits better than the others. Finally, through this work, it was possible to provide a better understanding of the data modelling of different ultrafiltration membranes used for the treatment of olive mill wastewater.Funding Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC (Universitat Politecnica de Valencia) agreement with Springer Nature. This research has been financed by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of Spain through the project CTM2017-88645-R and the European Union through the Operational Program of the Social Fund (FSE) financing ACIF-2018.Cifuentes-Cabezas, M.; Bohórquez-Zurita, JL.; Gil-Herrero, S.; Vincent Vela, MC.; Mendoza Roca, JA.; Alvarez Blanco, S. (2023). Deep Study on Fouling Modelling of Ultrafiltration Membranes Used for OMW Treatment: Comparison Between Semi-empirical Models, Response Surface, and Artificial Neural Networks. Food and Bioprocess Technology. 16(10):2126-2146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-023-03033-021262146161

Management of reject streams from hybrid membrane processes applied to phenolic compounds removal from olive mill wastewater by adsorption/ desorption and biological processes

[EN] This work studies the valorisation of the concentrates obtained through membrane processes for the purification of olive oil washing wastewater (OOWW). The adsorption with resins/desorption process, followed by a bio- logical treatment with sequencing batch reactor SBRs. Three different wastewater samples were treated: an ul- trafiltration reject stream (UF-R), with a high organic load and low content of phenolic compounds; a nanofiltration reject stream (NF-R), which rich in phenolic compounds and with medium organic load; a stream concentrated by forward osmosis (FO-C) with high organic content and concentration of phenolic compounds. Through the adsorption/desorption process, it was possible to recover 90 % and 73 %, which corresponds to 1.69 and 1.66 g¿L¿1 of the total phenolic compounds reject streams of NF-R and FO-C, respectively. With the SBRs, it was possible to eliminate around 80 % of the organic matter present in the effluent of adsorption, and also 90 % of the remaining phenolic compounds in the case of UF-R. The results obtained are promising since, on the one hand, a high recovery of phenolic compounds was achieved and, on the other hand, a large part of the organic matter of the remaining streams after adsorption was eliminated. In this way, a solution for the management of the membrane reject streams is proposed, allowing a circular economy in the wastewater treatment of olive oil processingAcknowledgements The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness through the project CTM2017-88645-R and The European Union through the Operational Program of the Social Fund (FSE) .Cifuentes-Cabezas, MS.; Mendoza Roca, JA.; Vincent Vela, MC.; Alvarez Blanco, S. (2022). Management of reject streams from hybrid membrane processes applied to phenolic compounds removal from olive mill wastewater by adsorption/ desorption and biological processes. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 50:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.1032081115

Use of ultrafiltration ceramic membranes as a first step treatment for olive oil washing wastewater

[EN] Olive oil is a food product in great demand throughout the world, its production generating large volumes of wastewater with a high organic load, where phenolic compounds are present. These compounds have outstanding antioxidant characteristics, so their recovery is of great interest. In this way, the treatment of these wastewaters should be based on reusing water and, at the same time, on recovering valuable compounds. Ultrafiltration with ceramic membranes (5, 15 and 50 kDa) is proposed as a first treatment step for olive oil washing wastewater (OOWW) from the continuous two-phase centrifugation process. The effect of cross flow velocity and transmembrane pressure was evaluated against permeate flux values and the removal of turbidity, colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD), sugars and the phenolic compounds recovery. The CFV had a great influence on the removal of colour and turbidity. COD rejection increased with increasing TMP, being the highest rejection obtained under the most extreme conditions. The rejection of phenolic compounds and sugars did not show great variation between conditions. The 50 kDa membrane was the one that presented the largest permeate flux decline and the lowest permeability recovery after the cleaning, confirming the great fouling that this membrane suffered. The 15 kDa membrane at the operating conditions of 3 m.s-1 and 3 bar was observed as a good option to eliminate much of the colour (72%) and turbidity (99%) and to reduce considerably the organic load (54%) without greatly affecting the concentration of phenolic compounds (rejection of 21%) for future recovery.The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness through the project CTM2017¿88645-R and The European Union through the Operational Program of the Social Fund (FSE) of the Comunitat Valenciana 2014¿2020.Cifuentes-Cabezas, MS.; Vincent Vela, MC.; Mendoza Roca, JA.; Alvarez Blanco, S. (2022). Use of ultrafiltration ceramic membranes as a first step treatment for olive oil washing wastewater. Food and Bioproducts Processing. 135:60-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2022.07.002607313

Development of hybrid practice sessions in the chemistry lab reinforced by teamwork activities and video-enhanced learning

[EN] This work presents the adaptation of a course mainly based on practice sessions in the chemical laboratory into a blended learning format after the irruption of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was conducted during the course Experimentation in Chemical Engineering II of the third academic year of the B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering of the Polytechnic University of València. The development of experimental courses under the context of the pandemic takes place under strict room occupancy and hygiene rules, although teamwork and interaction between students tends to be more important than in theory classes. To make feasible that students gain experience in the use of equipment and pilot plants in the chemical laboratory, we proposed the formation of teams of 4 to 5 students, divided in two subgroups that alternated their attendance to the practice sessions. In order to mitigate the absence of one of the sub-groups in each session, we created instructive videos including the experimental part conducted in the laboratory. In addition to this, the experimental data gathered in the lab were treated by the complete team, so that all team members could participate in the treatment and analysis of experimental results. The number of views per video, as well as the response of the students in a survey confirmed the blended learning strategy as an adequate alternative to ensure the training of students in handson experiments, as well as to accomplish with the restrictive room-occupancy rules in laboratories in times of COVID-19.[ES] En este trabajo se presenta la adaptación a la docencia hí­brida de una asignatura basada en prácticas de laboratorio tras la irrupción de la pandemia COVID-19. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en la asignatura Experimentación en Ingenierí­a Quí­mica II, de tercer curso del grado en Ingenierí­a Quí­mica de la Universitat Politècnica de València. El desarrollo de asignaturas experimentales con un formato semipresencial tiene lugar bajo condiciones muy restrictivas de aforo e higiene, pese a que el trabajo en equipo y la interacción entre alumnos suele ser más importante que en asignaturas teóricas. Con el fin de posibilitar que los alumnos adquieran experiencia en el manejo de equipos y plantas piloto en un laboratorio de ingenierí­a quí­mica, se planteó la formación de equipos de trabajo de 4 a 5 alumnos, divididos en dos subgrupos con presencialidad alterna en las prácticas de laboratorio. Para suplir la no presencialidad en cada práctica de uno de los subgrupos, se crearon ví­deos instructivos de las tareas realizadas por sus compañeros en el laboratorio. Además, los datos experimentales son tratados por cada equipo al completo en prácticas informáticas, de forma que todos son partí­cipes de los cálculos y análisis de datos recabados en el laboratorio. El número de visionados de los ví­deos instructivos, así­ como la opinión del alumnado confirmaron la estrategia de docencia hí­brida adoptada como una opción adecuada para asegurar la formación en asignaturas de í­ndole experimental, permitiendo al mismo tiempo cumplir con las medidas restrictivas de aforo en un laboratorio quí­mico.Martí Calatayud, MC.; Cifuentes Cabezas, MS.; Rodríguez López, AD.; Hernández Pérez, L.; Carrillo Abad, J. (2022). Desarrollo de prácticas en el laboratorio quí­mico en formato hí­brido apoyadas en el trabajo en equipo y ví­deos instructivos. REDU. Revista de Docencia Universitaria. 20(1):51-67. https://doi.org/10.4995/redu.2022.16898OJS516720