Novi izazovi u oplemenjivanju voćaka

The exciting challenge for all breeders is to release cultivars which the market wants and which can produce a profit for the growers. They have done it in the past and they will continue to do it in the future. Today's fruit breeding program are interrelated with other research disciplines. The complex, dynamic and interdisciplinary interactions require innovative approaches, including modern tools and techniques. The most important areas of collaboration are: database management, genetics, phytopathology entomology, ecology, physiology, molecular biology, fruit quality and sensory perception. Breeders also need to be aware of modern fruit marketing and consumer requirements. The complexity of tasks in modern fruit breeding sometimes leads to the specialization of particular breeding program and a dynamic interaction between complementary programs. Responses from fruit breeders about genetic transformation ranged from strongly negative to actively positive. Fruit breeders are constantly challenged to consider new tools and technology to increase the efficiency of their programs.Generalni, najvažniji izazov oplemenjivačkog rada je stvaranje novih sorti koje će prihvatiti tržište i koje donose profit proizvođačima. Selekcioneri su uspešno ispunjavali ove najviše ciljeve do sada i nema sumnje da će nastaviti da to rade i ubuduće. Današnji oplemenjivački programi su interdisciplinarni. Kompleksnost, dinamičan razvoj i interdisciplinarna interakcija zahtevaju nove prilaze, inventivne i dobro obučene kadrove savremene metode i opremljenost laboratorija. Najvažnije oblasti saradnje predstavljaju baze podataka, genetika, fitopatologija, entomologija fiziologija, ekologija, molekularna biologija, mehanizacija proizvodnje kvalitet ploda i senzorsko ocenjivanje. Oplemenjivači moraju biti svesni modernih zahteva tržišta i potrošača. Kompleksnost ciljeva vrlo često vodi ka specijalizaciji pojedinih oplemenjivačkih programa i dinamičkoj interakciji komplementarnih programa. Odnos oplemenjivača prema genetički modifikovanim organizmima ide od negativnog do pozitivnog. Stalan izazov pred naučnim radnicima je spoznaja novih metoda i tehnologija kako bi unapredili efikasnost svojih oplemenjivačkih programa

Controlling premature fruit drop of cultivar Idared by using α-naphthaleneacetic acid

Fruit drop before reaching technological maturity is one of the core problems in the apple industry. The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of the chemicals VBC 30033 based on aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and Dirager based on α-naphtalenacetic acid on the prevention of fruit drop of apple cultivar Idared, as affected by the time of application, the number of applications and the concentration. The research was conducted from 2009 to 2011 at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture in Novi Sad. The special focus was placed on the double and triple applications of NAA which were considered the most effective in preventing fruit drop. The triple application of NAA 5 ppm and NAA 10 ppm showed equal effectiveness, therefore the treatment NAA 5 ppm is recommended due to the reduced use of the chemical

Optimism bias leads to inconclusive results-an empirical study.

OBJECTIVE: Optimism bias refers to unwarranted belief in the efficacy of new therapies. We assessed the impact of optimism bias on a proportion of trials that did not answer their research question successfully and explored whether poor accrual or optimism bias is responsible for inconclusive results. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. SETTING: Retrospective analysis of a consecutive-series phase III randomized controlled trials (RCTs) performed under the aegis of National Cancer Institute Cooperative groups. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-nine trials (374 comparisons) enrolling 150,232 patients were analyzed. Seventy percent (262 of 374) of the trials generated conclusive results according to the statistical criteria. Investigators made definitive statements related to the treatment preference in 73% (273 of 374) of studies. Investigators' judgments and statistical inferences were concordant in 75% (279 of 374) of trials. Investigators consistently overestimated their expected treatment effects but to a significantly larger extent for inconclusive trials. The median ratio of expected and observed hazard ratio or odds ratio was 1.34 (range: 0.19-15.40) in conclusive trials compared with 1.86 (range: 1.09-12.00) in inconclusive studies (P<0.0001). Only 17% of the trials had treatment effects that matched original researchers' expectations. CONCLUSION: Formal statistical inference is sufficient to answer the research question in 75% of RCTs. The answers to the other 25% depend mostly on subjective judgments, which at times are in conflict with statistical inference. Optimism bias significantly contributes to inconclusive results