reparation, immunogenicity, testing and evaluation of efficiency of vaccines in the prophylaxis of mastits in cows

Zapaljenje mlečne ţlezde, mastitisi krava, predstavljaju jedan od najaktuelnijih problema u intenzivnoj proizvodnji mleka, koji nanosi velike ekonomske gubitke. Dugogodišnji različiti pristupi lečenju subkliničkih i kliničkih mastitisa nisu dali zadovoljavajuće rešenje, pa je problem mastitisa i dalje aktuelan. Sprečavanje prodora patogenog uzročnika u mlečnu ţlezdu, njegovo naseljavanje i razmnoţavanje, nameću stalnu potrebu za redovnim kontrolama mleka, kao i preduzimanje preventivnih i terapijskih mera u cilju smanjenјa nastanka mastitisa. Stafilokoke mogu u akutnoj formi da izazovu teške, maligne mastitise, u vidu granulomatoznih i nekrotičnih promena. Hronične forme stafilokoknog mastitisa uglavnom prolaze kao subklinički oblici obolenja mlečne ţlezde. Najčešći prouzrokovači akutnog kataralnog mastitisa (mastitis catarrhalis acuta) su streptokoke (Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae i Streptococcus uberis), reĎe drugi mikroorganizmi. Javlja se neposredno posle telenja u periodu najveće mlečnosti. Ovi mikroorganizmi tokom vremena dovode do prestanka sinteze mleka. Stafilokoke, kao i streptokoke, su veoma slabi antigeni, što dodatno oteţava pronalazak efikasne vakcine. Iz tih razloga još uvek nije pronaĎena komercijalna efikasna vakcina protiv mastitisa izazvanih bakterijama S. aureus i Str.agalactiae, ali primena autohtonih vakcina u preveniranju mastitisa moţe dati zadovoljavajuće rezultate. Opisane su inaktivisane vakcine koje se sastoje od celih ili delova bakterijskih ćelija i njihovih toksoida. U pravljenju vakcina protiv mastitisa izazvanog S. aureus-om novina je dodavanje proteina A i fibronectin-binding proteina kao celularnih antigena. Sasvim nov pristup imunizaciji mlečne ţlezde predstavlja inkorporacija lizata S. aureus u biorazgradive partikule koje imaju funkciju da stimulišu produkciju i opsonizaciju antitela. Uzimajući u obzir rezultate drugih istraţivača i sopstvena preliminarna istraţivanja, a imajući u vidu problem koji predstavljaju mastitisi izazvani bakterijama Staphylococcus aureus i Streptococcus agalactiae, cilj istraţivanja je bio priprema i ispitivanje vakcine čija bi se efikasnost ogledala u smanjenju nastanka kliničkih i subkliničkih mastitisa izazvanih navedenim uzročnicima...Inflammation of the mammary gland, mastitis in cows, are one of the most pressing problems in intensive milk production, causing great economic losses. For many years various approaches to treatment of subclinical and clinical mastitis did not give a satisfactory solution, so the problem of mastitis is still present. Prevent the infiltration of pathogenic agents into the mammary gland, its settlement and growth, impose a constant need for regular inspections of milk, as well as preventive and therapeutic measures to reduce the occurrence of mastitis. Staphylococci can cause an acute, severe, and malignant form of granulomatous mastitis with necrotic changes. Chronic cases of staphylococcal mastitis often go as subclinical forms of diseases of the mammary gland. The most frequent causes of acute catarrhal mastitis (mastitis catarrhalis acuta) are streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis), rarely other microorganisms. It occurs immediately after calving, in period of largest milk production. These microorganisms over time lead to the cessation of milk synthesis. Staphylococci and streptococci are very weak antigens, which further complicates finding of effective vaccines. For these reasons an effective commercial vaccine against mastitis caused by S. aureus and Str. agalactiae still not found, but the application of indigenous vaccine in prevention of mastitis may be sufficient. In the literature there are descriptions of inactivated vaccines consist of bacterial particules or entire cells and their toxoid. A new opportunity in making a vaccine against mastitis caused by S. aureus is adding protein A and fibronectin-binding protein as cellular antigens. An entirely new approach to immunization of the mammary gland gave incorporation of S. aureus lysate into biodegradable particles that have a function to stimulate production and opsonisation of antibodies. Given the results of other investigators and our own preliminary studies, and keeping in mind problem that mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae represents, goal of the research is the preparation and testing of vaccines whose effectiveness is reflected in the reduction of clinical and subclinical mastitis caused by these pathogens..

Efficiency evaluation of a bivalent vaccine in the prophylaxis of mastitis in cows

Mastitis in cows represents one of the most actual problems in intensive dairy production. The longtime different approaches to the treatment of mastitis have not offered a suitable solution, and the problem of mastitis is still present and acute. Prevention of pathogen penetration into the mammary gland, its colonization and multiplication impose a constant need for regular inspections of milk, as well as preventive and therapeutic measures to reduce the incidence of mastitis. Studies in the field of vaccination of ruminants against mastitis pathogens suggest a limited success in obtaining significant results in immunoprophylaxis. Considering the results of other researchers and our own research, and bearing in mind the problems mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae represent, the aim of this study was the preparation and testing of an indigenous vaccine prepared with two stable strains, SAU 7 (S. aureus) and SAG 3 (Str.agalactiae). The dose was 5 mL/cow and consisted of inactivated bacterial S. aureus SAU 7 cells in a concentration of 1x1010 cfu/mL and Str. agalactiae SAG 3 in a concentration of 4 x 109 cfu/mL. The number of somatic cells in the milk samples during the whole study period was higher in vaccinated cows in both groups compared with the control, but this difference was not statistically significant. The concentration of immunoglobulin IgG in the milk of vaccinated cows was significantly higher than the concentration of this class of proteins in the milk of unvaccinated cows. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 46002

The impacts of seawater physicochemical parameters and sediment metal contents on trace metal concentrations in musselsa chemometric approach

The concentrations of Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn, and Hg were studied in Mytilus galloprovincialis collected from the coastal area of Montenegro. The impact of seawater temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon (TOC), and metal content in sediment samples on the metal contents in mussels collected from three locations in four different seasons was analyzed by a Pearson correlation coefficient (r), principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA). These analyses were used to discriminate groups of samples, elements, and seawater parameters, according to similarity of samples chemical composition in different seasons, as well as the impact of seawater parameters and surface sediment composition on the mussels' element concentrations. Synergistic interactions occurred between seawater TOC, Fe, and Al concentrations in mussels. Compared with other studies, which are usually performed under constant laboratory conditions where mussels undergo only one stress at a time, this study was performed in nature. The analyses showed the importance of considering simultaneously acting environmental parameters that make determining of separate impacts of each factor selected very difficult and complex