Erros de medicação. Problemas de segurança com medicamentos em adolescentes

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2013O interesse pela área da segurança do doente tem aumentado gradualmente nas últimas décadas, principalmente após a publicação do relatório To Err is Human em 1999 que alertou a comunidade científica para a ocorrência de erros de medicação e as suas consequências. A literatura disponível é unânime: os erros de medicação ocorrem, as causas são multifactoriais e as consequências atingem não só o doente, como o prestador de cuidados de saúde, a família e o próprio sistema de saúde. Neste contexto surge o adolescente como factor de risco para a ocorrência de erros de medicação. A adolescência, caracterizada como um período de transição e de muitas mudanças, representa um desafio no que diz respeito à segurança do doente para os actuais sistemas de saúde.The interest about patient safety has been increasing in the last decades, mainly after 1999 when the report To Err is Human was published. This report alerted the scientific community for the medication errors’ occurrence and their consequences. The literature available agrees: medication errors happen, their causes are multifactorials and the consequences reach not only the patient but also the healthcare provider, the family and the health system. In this context arise the adolescent as a risk factor for medication errors’ occurrence. The adolescence, characterized as a transition state with lots of changes, represents a challenge for patient safety in health systems

Durability of fibre reinforced cementitious composites: Coupling mechanical and chloride environment loads

Fibre reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC) may be characterized by their improved performance namely in terms of tensile ductility, accompanied by multiple cracking, and potentially lower permeability to liquid and gas in cracked state. Cracking, which is nearly inevitable, can occur due to applied structural loading, shrinkage, chemical attack, thermal deformations and restrained condition. Even though might not be a structural problem, cracking could be a durability issue, since it considerably modifies the transport properties of the cementitious composite and, as consequence, accelerates the deterioration process, which can significantly impair the long term service life of a structure or element. Literature indicates that, particularly for chloride penetration, the presence of cracks and/or load condition, causes a more deleterious attack compared to standard durability test on sound specimens composites. Contributing to that concern a methodology for accessing chloride attack in loaded and/or cracked FRCC is proposed. Cracking procedure and specimen geometry were selected, considering that cracks produced in laboratory should resemble those in structural elements (beams). Thus, FRCC specimens were firstly pre-loaded under four point bending up to a pre-defined crack width. The crack width was kept using special stainless steel frame. In addition, cracked but not loaded specimens were considered and sound specimens were used as reference. Then, specimens were exposed to wet-dry cycles in a chloride solution. It is argued that the chloride penetration is definitively influenced by the load and cracking conditions, which promoted a higher penetration depth leading to a severe fibres corrosion, which also compromised the mechanical performance of FRCC.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Materials and Environmen

Chloride ion penetration into cracked UHPFRC during wetting-drying cycles

The subject of this paper is the extent to which, during wetting–drying cycles, chloride ions can penetrate Ultra-high-Performance Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composites (UHPFRC) specimens subjected to combined mechanical and environmental load. Pre-cracking was obtained by subjecting prismatic specimens (40 40 60mm3) to four-point bending until a predefined crack opening displacement (COD) is reached, using a dedicated test setup. Three target CODs were studied: 300, 350 and 400 μm. Exposure to a concentrated chloride solution (3.5% NaCl) was used as an environmental load. Specimens we subjected to wetting–drying cycles for one year. After this exposure period, the chloride penetration was characterised both qualitatively (by colourimetric analysis with silver nitrate) and quantitatively (by determining the chloride profile). The effect of damage level on chloride penetration and its impact on structures durability is discussed in the current paper.This work was financially supported by: Base Funding—UIDB/04708/2020 and Programmatic Funding—UIDP/04708/2020 of the CONSTRUCT—Instituto de I&D em Estruturas e Construções—funded by national funds through the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC); by the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031777—“UHPGRADE—Next generation of ultra-high perfor mance fibre-reinforced cement-based composites for rehabilitation and strengthening of the existing infrastructure” funded by FEDER funds through COMPETE2020—Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI) and by national funds (PIDDAC) through FCT/MCTES; and by FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through the PhD scholarship PD/BD/113636/2015, attributed within the Doctoral Program in Eco-Efficient Construction and Rehabilitation (EcoCoRe). Stefan Chaves Figueiredo would like to acknowledge the funding from Science without Borders from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil (201620/2014-6). Collaboration and materials supply by Sines Refinery/Galp Energia, Secil, Omya Comital, Sika, Bekaert and EUROMODAL is gratefully acknowledged

Durability of an UHPFRC under mechanical and chloride loads

The high cost of UHPFRC is a limitation on the practical application in real construction projects. However, a very competitive UHPFRC approach is the hybrid structural elements, where thin layers of UHPFRC are employed to rehabilitate/strengthen damage cover concrete. New layers subjected to harsh conditions (loads and/or environmental) can eventually crack under service conditions, changing the local transport properties and thus, a faster ingress of detrimental substances occur, such as chlorides ions. Most of the studies on chloride penetration in UHPFRC have focused on determining the transport properties of sound, non-cracked specimens. Thus, an experimental campaign was carried out to assess chloride ingress in loaded and/or cracked UHPFRC and the effect of such ions on mechanical performance. Typical service cracks patterns were imposed on UHPFRC specimens and then exposed to wetting?drying cycles in a chloride solution. After 1-year chloride exposure, UHPFRC specimens were in good condition with no significant losses in flexural strength; however, stiffness might be affected. The chloride contents up to 20 mm depth were superior to the European standards critical chloride content. A minimum cover depth of 20 mm of new UHPFRC is recommended to protect a concrete substrate in hybrid structures for exposure classes XS3.This work was financially supported by: Base Funding - UIDB/04708/2020 and Programmatic Funding - UIDP/04708/2020 of the CONSTRUCT - Instituto de I&D em Estruturas e Construções - by national funds through the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC).; by the project POCI01-0145-FEDER-031777 – “UHPGRADE – Next generation of ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced cement based composites for rehabilitation and strengthening of the existing infrastructure” funded by FEDER funds through COMPETE2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI) and by national funds (PIDDAC) through FCT/MCTES; and by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through the PhD scholarship PD/BD/113636/2015, attributed within the Doctoral Program in Eco-Efficient Construction and Rehabilitation (EcoCoRe). Stefan Chaves Figueiredo would like to acknowledge the funding from Science without Borders from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil (201620/2014-6)

Chloride Ion Penetration into Cracked UHPFRC During Wetting-drying Cycles

The subject of this paper is the extent to which, during wetting–drying cycles, chloride ions can penetrate Ultra-high-Performance Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composites (UHPFRC) specimens subjected to combined mechanical and environmental load. Pre-cracking was obtained by subjecting prismatic specimens (40 × 40 × 60mm3) to four-point bending until a predefined crack opening displacement (COD) is reached, using a dedicated test setup. Three target CODs were studied: 300, 350 and 400 µm. Exposure to a concentrated chloride solution (3.5% NaCl) was used as an environmental load. Specimens we subjected to wetting–drying cycles for one year. After this exposure period, the chloride penetration was characterised both qualitatively (by colourimetric analysis with silver nitrate) and quantitatively (by determining the chloride profile). The effect of damage level on chloride penetration and its impact on structures durability is discussed in the current paper.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Materials and Environmen

Durability of an UHPFRC under mechanical and chloride loads

The high cost of UHPFRC is a limitation on the practical application in real construction projects. However, a very competitive UHPFRC approach is the hybrid structural elements, where thin layers of UHPFRC are employed to rehabilitate/strengthen damage cover concrete. New layers subjected to harsh conditions (loads and/or environmental) can eventually crack under service conditions, changing the local transport properties and thus, a faster ingress of detrimental substances occur, such as chlorides ions. Most of the studies on chloride penetration in UHPFRC have focused on determining the transport properties of sound, non-cracked specimens. Thus, an experimental campaign was carried out to assess chloride ingress in loaded and/or cracked UHPFRC and the effect of such ions on mechanical performance. Typical service cracks patterns were imposed on UHPFRC specimens and then exposed to wetting–drying cycles in a chloride solution. After 1-year chloride exposure, UHPFRC specimens were in good condition with no significant losses in flexural strength; however, stiffness might be affected. The chloride contents up to 20 mm depth were superior to the European standards critical chloride content. A minimum cover depth of 20 mm of new UHPFRC is recommended to protect a concrete substrate in hybrid structures for exposure classes XS3.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Materials and Environmen

Durability of an UHPFRC under mechanical and chloride loads

The high cost of UHPFRC is a limitation on the practical application in real construction projects. However, a very competitive UHPFRC approach is the hybrid structural elements, where thin layers of UHPFRC are employed to rehabilitate/strengthen damage cover concrete. New layers subjected to harsh conditions (loads and/or environmental) can eventually crack under service conditions, changing the local transport properties and thus, a faster ingress of detrimental substances occur, such as chlorides ions. Most of the studies on chloride penetration in UHPFRC have focused on determining the transport properties of sound, non-cracked specimens. Thus, an experimental campaign was carried out to assess chloride ingress in loaded and/or cracked UHPFRC and the effect of such ions on mechanical performance. Typical service cracks patterns were imposed on UHPFRC specimens and then exposed to wetting–drying cycles in a chloride solution. After 1-year chloride exposure, UHPFRC specimens were in good condition with no significant losses in flexural strength; however, stiffness might be affected. The chloride contents up to 20 mm depth were superior to the European standards critical chloride content. A minimum cover depth of 20 mm of new UHPFRC is recommended to protect a concrete substrate in hybrid structures for exposure classes XS3.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Materials and Environmen

Chloride Ion Penetration into Cracked UHPFRC During Wetting-drying Cycles

The subject of this paper is the extent to which, during wetting–drying cycles, chloride ions can penetrate Ultra-high-Performance Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composites (UHPFRC) specimens subjected to combined mechanical and environmental load. Pre-cracking was obtained by subjecting prismatic specimens (40 × 40 × 60mm3) to four-point bending until a predefined crack opening displacement (COD) is reached, using a dedicated test setup. Three target CODs were studied: 300, 350 and 400 µm. Exposure to a concentrated chloride solution (3.5% NaCl) was used as an environmental load. Specimens we subjected to wetting–drying cycles for one year. After this exposure period, the chloride penetration was characterised both qualitatively (by colourimetric analysis with silver nitrate) and quantitatively (by determining the chloride profile). The effect of damage level on chloride penetration and its impact on structures durability is discussed in the current paper.</p

Getting to know the Other: breaking borders

Actualmente, las perspectivas sobre África van evolucionando hacia una mejor comprensión de sus fenómenos culturales y literarios. El diálogo en el aula de Lengua Portuguesa y el análisis de autores africanos y afrodescendientes contribuyen a un debate constructivo, más allá de las fronteras nacionales.Depto. de Estudios Románicos, Franceses, Italianos y TraducciónFac. de FilologíaFALSEsubmitte