ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ РОССИЙСКОГО РЫНКА ПРОИЗВОДНЫХ ФИНАНСОВЫХ ИНСТРУМЕНТОВ

Investments through the mechanisms of derivatives are opening a wide range of opportunities for participants on the financial stock. The process of making a derivative investment is the most useful for investments and insurance companies or any other commercial structures on the Russian Federation market and it is a challenging way to invest, which allows ensuring risks and makes a profit at the same time. Economical meaning of different kinds of derivatives is explained. The scientifical article is provided with a historical line about the appearance of derivatives in the Russian Federation to achieve fulfillment in an understanding of undergoing processes on the Russian financial stock. Some essential statistic data on different kinds of derivatives is presented. Particular attention paid to the mathematical methods of derivative cost calculation. The main sources of legal power in a field of Russian derivatives stocks are presented and some analysis of certain law regulations is completed. Overall, research is giving some theoretical investment strategies for participants in the stock market.Purpose: To explain an economical meaning of the derivatives, demonstrate the mechanism of insuring risks by derivatives.Methodology: in article economic-mathematical methods, and also statistical methods of the analysis were used.Results: The main types of derivatives are listed, the economical meaning is explained, methods of mathematical calculation of some types of derivatives are shown.Practical implication: results of this study can be implied by some commercial companies and individual investors.Механизмы инвестирования через производные финансовые инструменты открывают широкие возможности для участников рынка ценных бумаг. Осуществление инвестиционной деятельности на срочном, валютном рынках ценных бумаг через вложения в производные финансовых инструменты наиболее ярко выражено в деятельности инвестиционных, страховых, либо иных коммерческих организаций на территории Российской Федерации и является актуальным направлением, которое позволяет осуществлять одновременное управление рисками и извлечение прибыли. Раскрыто экономическое содержание различных видов производных финансовых инструментов. Приведена история развития данного вида инвестиций в Российской Федерации, представлена статистика по соотношению производных финансовых инструментов на рынке по видам. Особое внимание уделено математическим моделям оценки эффективности производных финансовых инструментов. Произведен анализ нормативно правовой базы российского законодательства в сфере производных финансовых инструментов, перечислены основные источники права, регулирующие отношения в сфере инвестиций через использование деривативов. В заключении даны рекомендации участникам рынка ценных бумаг по исполнению определенных стратегий инвестирования через деривативы.Цель – раскрыть экономическое содержание деривативов, показать механизм использования деривативов для защиты от рисков.Метод или методология проведения работы: в статье использовались экономико-математические методы, а также статистические методы анализа.Результаты: описаны основные виды производных финансовых инструментов, раскрыта экономическая квалификация, приведены способы расчета доходности некоторых видов финансовых инструментов.Область применения результатов: результаты исследования могут быть применены коммерческими организациями, а также частными инвесторами

Evidence and ideology as a rationale for light-therapy in Russia: from the Soviet Union to the present day.

Light therapy is still used to treat a number of common diseases in Russia. The practice is firmly anchored in history: Soviet clinical practice was divorced from the emerging field of evidence-based medicine. Medical researchers were cut off from international medical research and scientific literature, with much Soviet scientific activity based on a particular socialist ideology. In this study, the use of light therapy serves as a case study to explore tensions between international evidence-based medicine and practices developed in isolation under the Soviet Union, the legacy of which is to the detriment of many patients today. We used four different search methods to uncover scientific and grey literature, both historical and contemporary. We assessed the changing frequency of publications over time and contrasted the volume of literature on light therapy with more orthodox treatments such as statins and painkillers. Our search found an increasing number and comparatively large body of scientific publications on light therapy in the Russian language, and many publications emanating from prestigious Russian institutions. Combined with our analysis of the historical literature and our appraisal of 22 full text articles, this leads us to suggest that light therapy entered mainstream Soviet medical practice before the Stalinist period and still occupies an important position in contemporary Russian clinical practice. We propose that this outdated treatment survives in Russia in part due to the political, economic and social forces that helped to popularize it during Soviet times, and by the seeming justification offered by poorly executed studies

A Regulated Market: Prospects for the Country's Socioeconomic Development

The government's economic program that was approved in December 1989 by the Second Congress of USSR People's Deputies and that was calculated for the next six years actually existed only a few months. On 11 March 1990, the USSR Council of Ministers adopted a decree "On the Preparation of Materials Necessary for Making the Transition to a Planned Market Economy." This decree marked the beginning of the new course in USSR economic policy, which envisages the active development of market relations and the creation of a regulated market in the current year and in the beginning of the coming year.

Socioeconomic Questions Relating to Automation

In the Soviet Union, the building of communism and continual scientific and technical progress are intertwined. All the grandiose plans and concrete tasks pertaining to the rapid development of the productive forces, to the continual growth of labor productivity, and to the constant rise in the material well-being and cultural level of the people are inseparably linked with plans and tasks relating to the development of science and technology, and a r e based on technical progress.

Further Improvement of Economic Planning Methods

A little over three years have passed since the Seventh Session of the USSR Supreme Soviet adopted the Law on the Further Improvement of Industrial and Construction Management. The successes achieved during this brief period of time in every sphere of economic development show that the reorganization has created new opportunities for the constructive efforts of the Soviet people, for their active participation in economic management. The Party Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers noted in their decision of April 7, 1960 that the setting up of the economic councils had made it possible to raise planning work to a new, higher stage and substantially to increase the role of the Union Republics and local planning bodies in the planning of the economy. Strong planning bodies have been set up in the Union Republics, capable of planning the economy of the republics and districts.

Improving the System of State Plan Indices

The Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union adopted by the 22nd Congress demands that the scientific level of planning should be raised to the utmost, taking into account the growing scale of the national economy and the rapid development of science and technology. This predetermines the further development of the democratic basis of administration with the consolidation and perfection of the centralized state management of the national economy. In conjunction with the development of the initiative of local organs, extension of the rights of union republics and a rise in the creative activity of the masses, the centralized administration of the national economy is the main prerequisite for the proportional development of social production, a continuous rise in labor productivity and creation of an abundance of goods. Coordination of the work of enterprises and of separate branches of the national economy and the economic districts into one production complex, developing according to plan, may be achieved only on the basis of centralized state leadership over the entire national economy, for, as Lenin pointed out, to build socialism is to build a centralized economy. This directive of Lenin's on the organization of a centralized and planned administration of the economy, as well as the accumulated experience in the sphere of planning, are also of tremendous importance in the period of transition from socialism to communism, when development of the productive forces demands greater consolidation and improvement of centralized and planned management. The transition to communism presupposes a higher degree of socialization of production and social division of labor. All this makes it necessary to improve considerably the methods and organizational forms for planning, to make greater demands on the scientific substantiation of the national economic plans, on the indices and estimates which determine their validity and effectiveness.