THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DURATION TIME OF TURN AND THE THROWING RECORD IN THE MEN'S HAMMER THROW

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the duration time of turn and the throwing record. We analyzed the duration time of turn for the 116 men's hammer throwers in the competitions. As a result, significant correlation was observed between the total time of turn and the throwing record (I=-0.83,

THE BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF LOAD CHARACTERISTICS DURING DISCUS THROWS WITH VARIOUS WEIGHT IMPLEMENTS

The aim of this study was to clarify the load characteristics during throw with various weight discuses. Fourteen male discus throwers were analysed by using three-dimensional motion analyses. The maximum forces throughout the throw of the lighter discus (1.5 kg and 1.75 kg) were significantly lower than that of the competition weight discus (2.0 kg). However, the maximum force throughout the throw of the heavier discus (2.25 kg) was not significantly higher than that of the competition weight discus (2.0 kg). Focusing on the turn phases, the value of the forces were lower in the throw of the lighter discus. On the other hand, the maximum force in the throw of the heavier discus (2.25 kg) was greater than that of the competition weight discus (2.0 kg), except before release. This indicates that throw with various weight discuses changed load property

TECHNICAL FACTORS REQUIRED FOR PROPER BODY TRANSLATION IN THE DISCUS THROW

The purpose of this study was to gain knowledge about technical requirement in male discus throwers, specific to their performance level, by comparing the parameters of body translation. The performances of 22 male discus throwers were analyzed. The subjects were divided into the following three groups based on the distance thrown: advanced, medium, and novice. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the relevant technical requirement for novice is a dynamic shifting of the center of gravity to the left during the first double support phase. Furthermore, pushing into the ground vigorously before push-off the left foot to drive the body toward the throwing direction during the flight phase would enable novice group to create greater momentum and achieve a higher performance level

Is Adenosine Deaminase in Pleural Fluid a Useful Marker for Differentiating Tuberculosis from Lung Cancer or Mesothelioma in Japan, a Country with Intermediate Incidence of Tuberculosis?

The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of the determination of adenosine deaminase (ADA) level in pleural fluid for the differential diagnosis between tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) and malignant pleural effusion (MPE) in Japan, a country with intermediate incidence of tuberculosis (TB). We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 435 patients with pleural effusion and investigated their pleural ADA levels as determined by an auto analyzer. ROC analysis was also performed. The study included patients with MPE (n＝188), TPE (n＝124), benign nontuberculous pleural effusion (n＝94), and pleural effusion of unknown etiology (n＝29). The median ADA level in the TPE group was 70.8U/L, which was significantly higher than that in any other groups (p＜0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) in ROC analysis was 0.895. With a cut-off level for ADA of 36U/L, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 85.5%, 86.5%, 69.7%, and 93.6%, respectively. As many as 9% of patients with lung cancer and 15% of those with mesothelioma were false-positive with this ADA cutoff setting. Although the ADA activity in pleural fluid can help in the diagnosis of TPE, it should be noted that some cases of lung cancer or mesothelioma show high ADA activity in geographical regions with intermediate incidence of TB, in contrast to high prevalence areas

Study on the Volume Dependence of Ceramics Uniaxial Compressive Strength

水中ロボットなど海中機器で使用される耐圧容器は、軽量・高強度で海水による腐食に強いことが求められる。セラミックスは高い一軸圧縮強度を持ち、腐食にも強いことから、耐圧容器の素材として有望であるが、引っ張り強度が低いため、これまで耐圧容器の素材としてほとんど利用されてこなかった。そこで、筆者らは現在セラミックス耐圧容器の開発を進めている。開発では、まず有限要素法解析による応力解析と小型のセラミックス耐圧容器による水圧試験によりその構造を決定し、その後、実機大の耐圧容器を製作する。 一方、セラミックスの引っ張り強さには体積依存性が存在するが、圧縮強さには体積依存性がないと言われている。しかし、圧縮強さの体積依存性については、明確なデータが見当たらない。体積依存性が存在する場合、耐圧容器を大型化する場合に、圧縮強度の体積依存性を考慮する必要性が生じる。そこで、筆者らは、寸法がことなる複数の試料を用いてセラミックスの一軸圧縮試験を行い、圧縮強さの体積依存性を検証した。 JIS R1608では直径5mm 長さ12.5mm の試料を用いて一軸圧縮試験を行うことが規定されている。筆者らは、まずこの試験方法に基づいて一軸圧縮試験を行うと共に、有限要素法解析を行った。材料はアルミナセラミックスA479（京セラ）とした。その結果、試験片には大きな引張り応力が発生し、破壊の原因となっている可能性が高いことを確認した。そこで、Fig. 1とFig.2 に示す２種類の形状のダンベル型試料(Dumbell-IとDumbell-II)について有限要素法解析を行い、引張り応力が十分小さくなることを確認した。また、ゲージ部（試験片中央の最小径部）周辺の最小主応力分布に圧縮応力の応力集中が見られないこと、試料を挟むアンビルとの接触面に異常な応力集中が見られないことも確認した。次に、ゲ?ジ部直径2.72mmから6.13mmまでの7種類の試料を作製し、一軸圧縮試験を行った。圧縮試験機の中心軸と試料の中心軸がずれると測定値に誤差が生じることが事前の実験で確認されていたので、専用の治具を用いてその中心軸を一致させた。その結果、一軸圧縮強度の体積依存性は仮に存在する場合にもその値は小さいことを確認した。（Fig. 3）また、測定値はJIS R1608 による測定値と比較して1.5倍程度高くなると共に、バラツキも極めて小さくなることを確認した。これらの差の原因は、円柱試料では試験片に生じる引張り応力が破壊を引き起こすためと考えられる。また、I型とII型で若干の差が見られるが、製造時期が異なるので、製造ロッドの差が原因となっている可能性が考えられる。これらの実験から、小型耐圧容器を用いて水圧試験を行うことにより、その数倍の大きさの耐圧容器の耐圧特性を評価することが可能であると考えられる。日本セラミックス協会2015年年会（2015年3月18日～20日, 岡山大学津島キャンパス

A developmental study of violence-related problematic behaviors (3)

The present study was designed to examine the discrepancy between pupils' and teachers' normative consciousness with respect to the multiple problematic behaviors in the three groups of pupils. Participants were pupils from fourth- to sixth-graders (N= 285) and their teachers (N=69) in the elementary school, pupils from first- to third-graders (N=270) and their teachers (N=91) in the junior high school, and pupils from first- to third-graders (N=274) and their teachers (N=120) in the high school. Normative consciousness was measured with 49 items in eleven subscale areas of problematic behaviors. Each item was rated on a 4-point scale indicating how severely pupils were punished, from not at all (1) to very much (4). Pupils rated the extent to which they would receive punishment from their teachers if they would do each problematic behavior. Teachers rated the extent to which they would give punishment to their pupils if their pupils would do each problematic behavior. The main results were as follows. Pupils' ratings on nine subscales, such as bullying, violent behavior, defiant attitude, fashion, disturbance of activities in a class, shoplifting and use without permission, undisciplined school life, drinking and smoking, and undisciplined home life, declined with age. Contrarily, teachers' ratings did not change as a function of pupils' age on ten subscales excluding undisciplined school life. These findings show the discrepancy between pupils' and teachers' normative consciousness about problematic behaviors. Further studies are required to find out the factors which decreased normative consciousness of the high school students

A developmental study of violence-related problematic behaviors (2)

The purpose of this study was to compare children's and parents' normative consciousness with respect to the multiple problematic behaviors in the three age groups of children. The first age group consisted of elementary school children from fourth- to sixth-graders (N=285) and their parents (N=254). The second age group consisted of junior high school students from first- to third-graders (N=270) and their parents (N=245). The third age group consisted of high school students from first- to third-graders (N=274) and their parents (N=233). Normative consciousness was measured with 49 items in eleven subscales of problematic behaviors. Each item was rated on a 4-point scale indicating how severely children were punished, from not at all (1) to very much (4). Children rated the extent to which they would receive punishment from their parents if they would do each problematic behavior. Parents rated the extent to which they would give punishment to their child if their child would do each problematic behavior. The main results were as follows. Children's ratings generally declined with age, especially the third age group's ratings declined drastically. Parents' ratings on the five subscales of bullying, defiant attitude, fashion, disturbance of activities in a class, and drinking and smoking declined with age of children. However, parents' ratings on the other six subscales of violence, shoplifting and use without permission, undisciplined school life, undisciplined home life, delinquency, and schoolgirl's compensated dating did not change as a function of children's age. These findings were discussed in relation to the prevalence and the seriousness of problematic behaviors

COMPARISON OF WORLD ELITE AND JAPANESE ELITE THROWERS IN THE DISCUS THROW

The aim of this study is to clarify the differences between world elite and Japanese elite throwers in the discus throw by comparing their hip-shoulder and shoulder-arm separation angles. The performances of 12 male world elite discus throwers (the World group) and 12 male Japanese elite discus throwers (the National group) were analysed. The hip-shoulder and shoulder-arm separation through the throwing motion were greater in the World group than in the National group. In the World group, the hip-shoulder separation reached its local maximum at the middle of 2nd single support phase, and the shoulder-arm separation reached its local maximum around left-foot touchdown to the ground; whereas in the National group, the former reached its local maximum in the first half of 2nd single support phase, and the latter reached its local maximum in the middle of the delivery phase. Although the shoulder led hip in both the World and National groups, the shoulder led the arm in the National group and the arm led the shoulder in the World group at release. These results showed that the World group released the discus in front of the shoulder while utilising the kinematic-chain appropriately, while the National group released the discus with the arm still trailing behind the shoulder