Social Symptoms of Parkinson\u27s Disease

© 2020 Margaret T. M. Prenger et al. Parkinson\u27s disease (PD) is typically well recognized by its characteristic motor symptoms (e.g., bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor). The cognitive symptoms of PD are increasingly being acknowledged by clinicians and researchers alike. However, PD also involves a host of emotional and communicative changes which can cause major disruptions to social functioning. These incude problems producing emotional facial expressions (i.e., facial masking) and emotional speech (i.e., dysarthria), as well as difficulties recognizing the verbal and nonverbal emotional cues of others. These social symptoms of PD can result in severe negative social consequences, including stigma, dehumanization, and loneliness, which might affect quality of life to an even greater extent than more well-recognized motor or cognitive symptoms. It is, therefore, imperative that researchers and clinicans become aware of these potential social symptoms and their negative effects, in order to properly investigate and manage the socioemotional aspects of PD. This narrative review provides an examination of the current research surrounding some of the most common social symptoms of PD and their related social consequences and argues that proactively and adequately addressing these issues might improve disease outcomes

Social Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is typically well recognized by its characteristic motor symptoms (e.g., bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor). The cognitive symptoms of PD are increasingly being acknowledged by clinicians and researchers alike. However, PD also involves a host of emotional and communicative changes which can cause major disruptions to social functioning. These incude problems producing emotional facial expressions (i.e., facial masking) and emotional speech (i.e., dysarthria), as well as difficulties recognizing the verbal and nonverbal emotional cues of others. These social symptoms of PD can result in severe negative social consequences, including stigma, dehumanization, and loneliness, which might affect quality of life to an even greater extent than more well-recognized motor or cognitive symptoms. It is, therefore, imperative that researchers and clinicans become aware of these potential social symptoms and their negative effects, in order to properly investigate and manage the socioemotional aspects of PD. This narrative review provides an examination of the current research surrounding some of the most common social symptoms of PD and their related social consequences and argues that proactively and adequately addressing these issues might improve disease outcomes

Ich spreche anders, aber das ist auch deutsch: línguas em conflito em uma escola rural localizada em zona de imigração no sul do Brasil Ich spreche anders, aber das ist auch deutsch: languages in conflict in a rural school located in an immigration area in the south of Brazil

O bilingüismo/multilingüismo como fenômeno social ainda é pouco reconhecido no cenário brasileiro, apesar de o tema ter conquistado espaço na academia. Em termos gerais, considera-se o Brasil um país monolíngüe, onde se fala apenas o português brasileiro. Há, no entanto, vários contextos de línguas minoritárias (grupos indígenas, grupos de imigrantes, zonas de fronteira, comunidades de surdos) em que o uso de várias línguas é a regra. Nesses contextos sociolingüisticamente complexos há relações assimétricas e de conflito entre a língua hegemônica e as línguas minoritárias, em geral estigmatizadas. O presente estudo, parte dos resultados de uma pesquisa etnográfica, focaliza o conflito lingüístico presente em uma escola rural localizada numa comunidade bilíngüe/multilíngüe em zona de imigração alemã no sul do país, onde, ainda hoje, as crianças aprendem em casa a língua de herança, empregada em âmbito familiar e social. Com suporte teórico predominantemente vindo do bilingüismo visto de uma perspectiva social e dos Estudos Culturais, o objetivo principal deste artigo é problematizar a situação de contato/conflito lingüístico existente na região alvo da pesquisa e sua interface com questões de identidades construídas nos discursos hegemônicos. Além disso, discute-se como esses conflitos emergem nas relações interacionais entre os professores e entre alunos e professores, dentro da instituição escolar. Os registros sugerem que o bilingüismo da comunidade penetra na escola e que os conflitos lingüísticos e identitários ganham ainda mais força nas interações sociais entre os sujeitos que ali convivem.<br>Bilingualism/multilingualism as a social phenomenon is still little recognized in the Brazilian scenario, despite it has gotten space in the academy. Usually, Brazil is seen as a monolingual country, where the Brazilian Portuguese is the only language spoken. There are, however, contexts of minority languages (indigenous groups, groups of immigrant, border regions, deaf communities) in which the use of several languages is the rule. In these sociolinguistically complex contexts there are both asymmetric and conflicting relations between the hegemonic language and minority languages, usually stigmatized. This study develops itself from the results of an ethnographic research, focusing the language conflict that is present in a rural school located in a bilingual/multilingual community in a region of German immigration in the south of the country, where, even nowadays, children learn at home the inherited language, which is used in the familiar and social contexts. With a theoretical basis mostly acquired from bilingualism analyzed from a social perspective and from the perspective of the Cultural Studies, the main aim of this article is to problematize the language contact/conflict situation existing in the target region and its interface with identity questions built in the hegemonic discourses. Moreover, it is discussed the way these conflicts emerge in the interactional relations between teachers and among teachers and students within school. The data suggests that the community's bilingualism gets into school, and that the language and identity conflicts become even stronger within the social interactions among the individuals that live together in that space