Macro and Micro-fungi mediated synthesis of Silver

Silver nanoparticles of size ranging from 1 ∼ 100 nm are petite metallic colloidal particles, with its applications in diagnostics, biomarkers, imaging, cell labeling and drug delivery. Fungus-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles is an ecofriendly andgreen process with a comparatively simpler downstream processing. In the presentstudy, the ability of macrofungi and pine stand soil fungi was evaluated for their ability tosynthesize both extracellular as well as intracellular silver nanoparticles. When the macroand microfungi were challenged with 1 mM silver nitrate, colour change of the cell freefiltrates indicated the formation of silver nanoparticles. The presence of silvernanoparticles was confirmed by Surface Plasmon Resonance absorption band in visiblewavelength visualized every 24h upto 72h.Silver nanoparticles are known to possess asharp peak in a range of 400-450 nm and peaks observed at 457nm, 403nm and 414nm bymushroom support their synthesis in comparison to that of 349nm by soil fungi.Transmission Electron Microscopic analysis of the silver nanoparticles revealed thenanorange, dimensions and structural conformation ofbio synthesized nanoparticles.Synergistic study of the synthesized nanoparticles revealed a significant antibacterialactivity against four pathogens viz. MTCC 730 (Escherichia coli), MTCC 1925(Streptococcus pyogenes), MTCC 96 (Staphylococcus aureus) and MTCC 430 (Bacilluscereus).Additionally, the silver nanoparticles inhibited the growth of the yeastpathogen MTCC 183 (Candida albicans) which showed synergistic enhancement inactivity along with flucanazole. The fungal samples were analyzed for phytochemicalconstituents who led to reduction of silver nitrate into nanoparticles. The results obtainedindicated that the experimental voucher fungus are more competent than soil fungi insynthesizing silver nanoparticles and can be used a potent natural antibacterial source forvarious pharmaceutical and textile applications

Secondary Metabolite Production In Plants: In Response To Biotic And Abiotic Stress Factors

Secondary metabolites (SMs) play vital roles in plant defence mechanisms, adaptation to environmental conditions, and interactions with other organisms. Biotic and abiotic stress factors can significantly influence the production, accumulation, and composition of SMs in plants. Understanding the intricate relationship between stress and SM production is crucial for enhancing plant resilience, agricultural productivity, and the development of novel phytopharmaceuticals. This research provides current knowledge regarding the impact of biotic and also abiotic stress on SMs in plants. Biotic stress factors such as pathogen infection, and herbivore attacks, as well as abiotic stress factors like drought, along with temperature extremes, and also salinity, can profoundly influence the biosynthesis and accumulation of SMs in plants. We discussed the methodology based on secondary sources underlying physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms involved in stress-induced SM synthesis and highlight the potential implications for plant biology, agriculture, and human health. The study also emphasizes the functions of SMs in plants including defence against herbivores, pathogens, and abiotic stresses. The mechanism by which thesecompounds act as allelochemicals and signalling molecules is also discussed

Micrographical analysis of growth deformities in common pathogens induced by voucher fungi from India

AbstractA vast diversity of microbes including macrofungi remain untapped for valuable bioactivities including antimicrobial activity. Searching wild sources may bring novel natural products with antimicrobial properties that can provide protection against infectious diseases. The present study was designed to identify the diverse forms of mushrooms being used as an ethnomycological source of food and medicine by the tribes of Meghalaya, India, and microscopically study the structures of mushrooms along with observing their antimicrobial effects on pathogens. Fruiting bodies of mushrooms were viewed morphologically and microscopically, and were identified using molecular markers. The dried aerial parts of the fruiting bodies were extracted with methanol and screened for their antimicrobial activity using 2,3,-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride against two Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacteria. The average diameter of the inhibitory zone induced by fungal extracts ranged from 9mm to 22mm for Gram-negative and from 16mm to 24mm for Gram-positive bacteria, indicating that this dietary source is a good antimicrobial agent. Mushroom structures were examined using optical microscopy, while the deformities on the pathogens inflicted by mushroom extracts were visualized using scanning electron microscopy, which showed accumulation and formation of biofilm in Gram-positive and shrinkage with cavity formation in Gram-negative bacteria