19 research outputs found
A Synergistic Approach to Human Rights and Public Health Ethics: Effective or a Source of Conflict?
Commentaire / CommentaryLes inquieÌtudes concernant les dispariteÌs croissantes en matieÌre de santeÌ et de richesses entre les membres de la socieÌteÌ ont inciteÌ Stephanie Nixon et Lisa Forman, dans leur article de 2008 Exploring synergies between human rights and public health ethics: A whole greater than the sum of its parts, aÌ proposer que les principes de droits de lâhomme et de lâeÌthique de la santeÌ publique soient utiliseÌs en combinaison afin d'eÌlaborer des normes pour les actions de santeÌ. Ce commentaire renvoie aux avantages ainsi qu'aux difficulteÌs qui pourraient surgir suite aÌ l'adoption d'une telle approche.Concerns over the growing disparities in health and wealth between members of society incited Stephanie Nixon and Lisa Forman, in their 2008 article Exploring synergies between human rights and public health ethics: A whole greater than the sum of its parts, to propose that the principles of human rights and public health ethics should be used in combination to develop norms for health action. This commentary reflects on the benefits as well as the difficulties that could arise from taking such an approach
Assessing inequities in active transportation : does the effect of walkable built environments vary according to neighbourhood socioeconomic status?
Certains chercheurs veulent que les gouvernements modifient les déterminants de
lâenvironnement urbain du transport actif dans des rĂ©gions Ă bas statut socioĂ©conomique pour
réduire les inégalités en activité physique et santé. Mais, des individus de différents sousgroupes
de la population pourraient rĂ©agir diffĂ©remment Ă lâenvironnement urbain. Plusieurs
chercheurs ont examinĂ© si lâinfluence dâun environnement urbain propice aux piĂ©tons sur le
transport actif diffÚre entre les personnes ayant un statut socioéconomique de quartier différent
et ont obtenu des rĂ©sultats mixtes. Ces rĂ©sultats Ă©quivoques pourraient ĂȘtre dus Ă la façon dont
les mesures de lâenvironnement urbain Ă©taient dĂ©terminĂ©es. Plus spĂ©cifiquement, la plupart des
Ă©tudes ont examinĂ© lâeffet de la propicitĂ© Ă la marche des lieux rĂ©sidentiels et nâont pas pris en
compte les destinations non-résidentielles dans leurs mesures. Cette étude a examiné le statut
socioĂ©conomique du quartier comme modĂ©rateur de la relation entre lâenvironnement urbain et
le transport actif en utilisant des mesures dâenvironnement urbain qui proviennent de toute la
trajectoire spatiale estimĂ© des individus. Les trois variables de lâenvironnement urbain, la
connectivité, la densité des commerces et services et la diversité du territoire avaient une plus
grande influence sur le transport actif de ceux avec un haut statut socioéconomique. Nos
rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que mĂȘme quand la configuration de lâenvironnement urbain est favorable
pour le transport actif, il peut y avoir des barriĂšres sociales ou physiques qui empĂȘchent les
gens qui habitent dans un quartier Ă bas statut socioĂ©conomique de bĂ©nĂ©ficier dâun
environnement urbain favorable au transport actif.Researchers have called for policymakers to modify the built environment determinants of
active travel in low SES areas in the hopes of reducing disparities in physical activity and
health. However, different population sub-groups may be differently responsive to the built
environment. Researchers have examined whether the influence of walkable built
environments on active transportation differs for those of different socio-economic status and
have obtained mixed results. These equivocal findings could be due to the way the built
environment measures were determined. More specifically, most studies have examined
walkability in residential settings ignoring non-residential destinations. This study examined
socio-economic status as a moderator of the relationship between the built environment and
active transportation using a trip level analyses with measures of built environment exposure
derived from the estimated spatial trajectory of transport trips. All three of the environmental
variables, connectivity, density of business and services, and land-use mix, were found to have
a greater association with AT if the individual undergoing the trip was from a high
socioeconomic status neighbourhood. Our findings suggest that even when the built
environment is favourable for AT there may be social or physical barriers that prevent those
from low socio-economic status neighbourhoods from benefitting from built environments that
are conducive to active transportation
Place matters: A longitudinal analysis measuring the association between neighbourhood walkability and walking by age group and population center size in Canada.
This study examined the influence of walkability on walking behaviour and assessed whether associations varied according to life-stage and population center (PC) size. Walkability scores were obtained for the six-digit postal codes of residential neighbourhoods of 11,200 Canadians, who participated in biennial assessments of the National Population Health Survey from 1994 to 2010. Participants were stratified by age-group. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to estimate the influence of cumulative exposure to neighborhood walkability on utilitarian and exercise walking by PC size and life-stage. Associations of neighbourhood walkability with utilitarian and exercise walking varied according to age-group and PC size. Exposure to high walkable neighborhoods was associated with utilitarian walking in younger and older adults in all PC sizes, except for older adults living in a medium PC. Living in a highly walkable neighborhood in a large PC was associated with walking for exercise in younger (OR: 1.42; 95%CI: 1.20-1.67) and older adults (OR: 2.09; 95%CI: 1.51-2.89). Living in highly walkable neighbourhood in a medium PC was associated with walking for exercise in older adults (OR: 1.62; 95%CI: 1.15-2.29). These results emphasize the need to consider the size and nature of every community, and the age-group of a population when implementing strategies to promote walking
Example of cumulative exposure time calculation.
<p>Example of cumulative exposure time calculation.</p
Descriptive Statistics at baseline (1994) of the total sample, young (18 to 45 years old) and older adults (65 to 90 years old): National Population Health Survey.
<p>Descriptive Statistics at baseline (1994) of the total sample, young (18 to 45 years old) and older adults (65 to 90 years old): National Population Health Survey.</p
Mixed effects logistic regression models of utilitarian walking for the total sample, young and older adults: National Population Health Survey (1994â2010).
<p>Mixed effects logistic regression models of utilitarian walking for the total sample, young and older adults: National Population Health Survey (1994â2010).</p
Mixed effects logistic regression models of exercise walking for the total sample, young and older adults: National Population Health Survey (1994â2010).
<p>Mixed effects logistic regression models of exercise walking for the total sample, young and older adults: National Population Health Survey (1994â2010).</p
Do social characteristics influence smoking uptake and cessation during young adulthood?
Objectives
This study uses a Bourdieusian approach to assess young adultsâ resources and examines their association with smoking initiation and cessation.
Methods
Data were drawn from 1450 young adults participating in the Interdisciplinary Study of Inequalities in Smoking, a cohort study in Montreal, Canada. We used logistic regression models to examine the association between young adultsâ income, education, and peer smoking at baseline and smoking onset and cessation.
Results
Young adults where most or all of their friends smoked had greater odds of smoking onset. Young adults that had completed pre-university postsecondary education also had higher odds of smoking onset after controlling for social support, employment status, and lacking money to pay for expenses. Income and the sociodemographic variables age and sex were not associated with smoking onset. Young adults where half of their friends smoked or where most to all of their friends smoked had lowers odds of smoking cessation. Men were more likely to cease smoking than women. Education, income and age were not associated with cessation.
Conclusions
Interventions focusing on peer smoking may present promising avenues for tobacco prevention in young adults
Is gentrification all bad? Positive association between gentrification and individualâs perceived neighborhood collective efficacy in Montreal, Canada
Abstract Background Collective efficacy has been associated with many health benefits at the neighborhood level. Therefore, understanding why some communities have greater collective efficacy than others is important from a public health perspective. This study examined the relationship between gentrification and collective efficacy, in Montreal Canada. Methods A gentrification index was created using tract level median household income, proportion of the population with a bachelorâs degree, average rent, proportion of the population with low income, and proportion of the population aged 30â44. Multilevel linear regression analyses were conducted to measure the association between gentrification and individual level collective efficacy. Results Gentrification was positively associated with collective efficacy. Gentrifiers (individuals moving into gentrifying neighborhoods) had higher collective efficacy than individuals that lived in a neighborhood that did not gentrify. Perceptions of collective efficacy of the original residents of gentrifying neighborhoods were not significantly different from the perceptions of neighborhood collective efficacy of gentrifiers. Conclusions Our results indicate that gentrification was positively associated with perceived collective efficacy. This implies that gentrification could have beneficial health effects for individuals living in gentrifying neighborhoods