Enumeration of propionibacteria in raw milk using a new selective medium

International audienc

Croissance des bactéries propioniques dans le fromage : comparaison de 2 milieux de dénombrement

International audienc

Haemocyte apoptosis as a general cellular immune response of Lymnaea stagnalis, to a toxicant.

International audienceThe effects of a xenobiotic on the circulating haemocytes of Lymnaea stagnalis were investigated after short-term (24 h, 96 h) and long-term (504 h) exposure of snails to environmental concentrations. Fomesafen, a prooxidant generator led to the activation of the haemocyte apoptotic program by promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cells entering apoptosis underwent a series of events, both on the plasma membrane and in the mitochondria; these events were quantified by flow cytofluorometry. The data showed a loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm), which was dose-dependent and timedependent and related to an increased release of superoxide anions. The phosphatidylserine that was exposed at the outer plasma membrane was not related to the disruption of either ROS or Δψm but was strongly correlated with the haemocyte concentration (total haemocyte count). This cascade of apoptotic processes occurred in a dose-independent manner and was not strengthened over time. The increase of circulating haemocytes depended upon the life span of the cells and might have reflected either facilitated cell turn-over or the accompanying presence of haemocytes phagocytosing apoptotic cells