Wastewater treatment and reuse: an institutional analysis for Hyderabad, India

River basinsWater pollutionSewageEffluentsPollution controlLegislationWaste managementWater qualityGuidelinesWastewater irrigationHealth hazardsRiceGrassesInstitutional reformCase studies

A framework for efficient wastewater treatment and recycling systems

Water reuse / Wastewater / Recycling / Pricing / Water allocation / Cost benefit analysis / Wastewater irrigation / Developing countries / Developed countries / Case studies

Water productivity of irrigted agriculture in India: potential areas for improvement

Water productivityIrrigated farmingWater use efficiencyWheatCottonRiver basinsWater conservation

Other-Initiated Repair Strategies in Solving Understanding Problems in EFL Learners Conversations

The aims of this study were to investigate the employment of Other-Initiated Repair Strategies (OIR Strategies) in solving understanding problem in EFL learners' conversation and to examine the kinds of trouble sources that prompt the employment of OIR Strategies. The participants were nine EFL learners participating in a speaking class in small university in Indonesia. To elicit the learners' conversations two communicative tasks, Spot the Difference and Desert Island were used. The learners' conversations during task performance were video-recorded, then, transcribed using the conventions proposed by Markee (2000) and analyzed qualitatively using Conversation Analysis method. The results showed that EFL learners managed to employ eight types of OIR Strategies comprising of 62 instances in total. The strategies are unspecified repair, interrogative repair, partial repeat plus a question word repair, partial repeat repair, understanding check repair, request for repetition, request for definition, and correction repair. Three different types of trouble sources triggered the use of OIR Strategies, namely linguistic-related problem, interactional-related problem, and meaning-related problem. The study demonstrated that by employing different OIR Strategies, even EFL learners with limited proficiency in English managed to take initiatives to overcome the understanding problem in conversations as part of their learning process. Therefore, the EFL teachers need to consider incorporating the teaching of OIR Strategies as part of their speaking class to improve the students' fluency

Cytosolic Calmodulin Is Increased in SK-N-SH Human Neuroblastoma Cells Due to Release of Calcium from Intracellular Stores

Muscarinic receptor stimulation elicits a redistribution of calmodulin (CaM) from the membrane fraction to cytosol in the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH. Increasing the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration with ionomycin also elevates cytosolic CaM. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of extracellular and intracellular Ca 2+ pools in the muscarinic receptor-mediated increases in cytosolic CaM in SK-N-SH cells. Stimulus-mediated changes in intracellular Ca 2+ were monitored in fura-2-loaded cells, and CaM was measured by radioimmunoassay in the 100,000- g cytosol and membrane fractions. The influx of extracellular Ca 2+ normally seen with carbachol treatment in SK-N-SH cells was eliminated by pretreatment with the nonspecific Ca 2+ channel blocker Ni 2+ . Blocking the influx of extracellular Ca 2+ had no effect on carbachol-mediated increases in cytosolic CaM (168 18% of control values for carbachol treatment alone vs. 163 28% for Ni 2+ and carbachol) or decreases in membrane CaM. Similarly, removal of extracellular Ca 2+ from the medium did not affect carbachol-mediated increases in cytosolic CaM (168 26% of control). On the other hand, prevention of the carbachol-mediated increase of intracellular free Ca 2+ by pretreatment with the cell-permeant Ca 2+ chelator BAPTA/AM did attenuate the carbachol-mediated increase in cytosolic CaM (221 37% of control without BAPTA/AM vs. 136 13% with BAPTA/AM). The effect of direct entry of extracellular Ca 2+ into the cell by K + depolarization was assessed. Incubation of SK-N-SH cells with 60 m M K + elicited an immediate and persistent increase in intracellular free Ca 2+ concentration, but there was no corresponding alteration in CaM localization. On the contrary, in cells where intracellular Ca 2+ was directly elevated by thapsigargin treatment, cytosolic CaM was elevated for at least 30 min while particulate CaM was decreased. In addition, treatment with ionomycin in the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ , which releases Ca 2+ from intracellular stores, induced an increase in cytosolic CaM (203 30% of control). The mechanism for the CaM release may involve activation of the isozyme of protein kinase C, which was translocated from cytosol to membranes much more profoundly by thapsigargin than by K + depolarization. These data demonstrate that release of Ca 2+ from the intracellular store is important for the carbachol-mediated redistribution of CaM in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66213/1/j.1471-4159.1998.70010139.x.pd

Effect of Continuous Phorbol Ester Treatment on Muscarinic Receptor-Mediated Calmodulin Redistribution in SK-N-SH Neuroblastoma Cells

Stimulation of muscarinic receptors by carbachol and activation of protein kinase C elicits the translocation of calmodulin (CaM) from membranes to cytosol in the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH. Our previous studies have suggested a role for protein kinase C in the regulation of CaM redistribution. To explore further the role of protein kinase C in carbachol-induced calmodulin translocation, we treated cells for 17 h with 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) to down-regulate protein kinase C isozymes or 72 h to differentiate the cells. Treatment of SK-N-SH cells for 17 h with 70 n M TPA nearly abolished the effect of carbachol on CaM redistribution. After 72 h of TPA, however, the cells appeared differentiated, and the ability of carbachol to increase cytosolic CaM levels was restored. In untreated control cells, the carbachol-mediated increase in cytosolic CaM content was mimicked by TPA and blocked by pretreatment with the selective protein kinase C inhibitor Ro 31-8220 at 10 µ M . In the 72-h TPA-treated cells, however, the ability of TPA to increase cytosolic CaM levels was significantly reduced, and the action of carbachol was no longer blocked by Ro 31-8220. The effect of prolonged TPA treatment on select protein kinase C isozymes was examined by immunoblotting. Treatment of cells for either 17 or 72 h abolished the Α-isozyme in the cytosol and reduced (17 h) or abolished (72 h) the content in the membranes. In both 17- and 72-h TPA-treated cells, the ε-isozyme was nearly abolished in the cytosol and slightly reduced in the membranes. Some protein kinase C activity may have been maintained during TPA treatment because the basal level of phosphorylation of the protein kinase C substrate myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate was enhanced in cells treated for either 17 or 72 h with TPA. The potential dissociation of carbachol and protein kinase C in eliciting increases in cytosolic CaM content was a function of prolonged TPA treatment and not differentiation per se because carbachol-mediated increases in cytosolic CaM levels were inhibited by Ro 31-8220 in retinoic acid-differentiated SK-N-SH cells. This study demonstrates that continuous TPA treatment, although initially down-regulating the protein kinase C-mediated effect of carbachol on CaM redistribution, uncouples carbachol and protein kinase C at longer times.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65656/1/j.1471-4159.1997.68010040.x.pd

Enhancement of Learning Style in Kolej Poly-Tech MARA (KPTM) via Mobile EEF Learning System (MEEFLS)

Mobile communication provides access to the outside world without borders everywhere and at any time. The learning method that related to mobile communication technology is known as mobile learning (M-learning). It is a method that communicates learning materials with mobile device technology. The purpose of this method is to increase the interest in learning among students and assist them in obtaining learning materials at Kolej Poly-Tech MARA (KPTM) in order to improve the student's performance in their study and to encourage educators to diversify the teaching practices. This paper discusses the student's awareness for enhancement of learning style using mobile technologies and their readiness to apply the elements of mobile learning in learning to improve performance and interest in learning among students. An application called Mobile EEF Learning System (MEEFLS) has been developed as a tool to be used as a pilot test in KPTM

Enhancement of Learning Style in Kolej Poly-Tech MARA (KPTM) via Mobile EEF Learning System (MEEFLS)

Mobile communication provides access to the outside world without borders everywhere and at any time. The learning method that related to mobile communication technology is known as mobile learning (M-learning). It is a method that communicates learning materials with mobile device technology. The purpose of this method is to increase the interest in learning among students and assist them in obtaining learning materials at Kolej Poly-Tech MARA (KPTM) in order to improve the student's performance in their study and to encourage educators to diversify the teaching practices. This paper discusses the student's awareness for enhancement of learning style using mobile technologies and their readiness to apply the elements of mobile learning in learning to improve performance and interest in learning among students. An application called Mobile EEF Learning System (MEEFLS) has been developed as a tool to be used as a pilot test in KPTM

Improving water productivity, reducing poverty and enhancing equity in mixed crop-livestock systems in the Indo-Gangetic Basin: CPWF project report 68

Farming systems / Mixed farming / Water productivity / Feed production / Livestock / Energy consumption / Gender / Poverty / River basins / Case studies / India / Indo-Gangetic Basin / West Bengal / Haryana / Uttar Pradesh