FISH DIVERSITY AND ITS THREATENED STATUS OF THE DHARLA RIVER IN BANGLADESH

Raznolikost riba riječnog ekosustava postala je smanjena zbog različitih nepogoda uzrokovanih čovjekom i prirodom. U ovoj studiji, u razdoblju od siječnja do prosinca 2018. godine istraživan je trenutni status biološke raznolikosti riba u rijeci Dharala koja se nalazi (25,8103 ° S, 89,6487 ° E) u sjevernom dijelu Bangladeša. U ovoj je studiji postojeći status biološke raznolikosti riba u rijeci Dharala procijenjen prema indeksu raznolikosti i statusa ugroženosti (kako globalnog, tako i lokalnog). Podaci za uzimanje uzoraka prikupljeni su s tri mjesta na rijeci pomoću različitih ribolovnih alata i tri odabrane ribarnice smještene u okrugu Kurigram u Bangladešu. Ukupno je identificirano 76 vrsta riba koje pripadaju u 8 redova, 26 porodica i 57 rodova. Porodica Cyprinidae koja je bila najdominantnija, bila je zastupljena s 14 vrsta, zatim Danionidae (13 vrsta), Bagridae (8 vrsta) i nekoliko manjih porodica. Osim autohtonih vrsta, zabilježeno je i devet egzotičnih vrsta riba. Indeksi raznolikosti prema Shannon-Weaveru (H), ujednačenosti Pielous (e) i bogatstva Margalefa (D) kretali su se od 3,00 do 3,71, 0,62 do 0,94 i 3,94 do 7,95. Od 76 autohtonih vrsta, 28 vrsta (37%) identificirano je kao ugroženo u Bangladešu, što uključuje kritično ugrožene (4 vrste), ranjive (9 vrsta) i ugrožene (15 vrsta). Neselektivni ribolov trovanjem i razornim ribolovnim spravama identificirani su kao glavne prijetnje biološkoj raznolikosti riba na rijeci Dharla. Iako rijeka Dharla služi kao značajna potpora ugroženim autohtonim ribama, potrebni su određeni koraci da se zaustavi razarajući ribolov, uspostave trajna utočišta za ribe i odgovarajući nadzor za održavanje održive biološke raznolikosti.Fish diversity of a riverine ecosystem became reduced due to different manmade and natural calamities. This study investigated the present fish biodiversity status of the Dharala River located (25.8103° N, 89.6487° E) in the northern part of Bangladesh from January to December 2018. In this study, the existing fish biodiversity status of the Dharala River was estimated in terms of diversity indices and threatened status (both global and local). Data was collected from the three sampling sites of the river using different fishing gears and three selected fish markets located in the Kurigram district of Bangladesh. A total of 76 fish species were identified belonging to 8 orders, 26 families and 57 genera. The Cyprinidae was the most dominant family represented by 14 species followed by the Danionidae (13 species), Bagridae (8 species) and few minor families. Apart from the indigenous species, nine exotic fish species were also recorded. The Shannon-Weaver diversity (H), Pielous evenness (e) and Margalef richness (D) indices ranged from 3.00 to 3.71, 0.62 to 0.94 and 3.94 to 7.95, respectively. Out of 76 indigenous species, 28 species (37%) were identified as threatened in Bangladesh, which included critically endangered (4), vulnerable (9) and endangered (15) species. Indiscriminate fishing through poisoning and destructive fishing gears were identified as the major threats to fish biodiversity of the Dharla River. Thus, the river serves as considerable support for threatened indigenous fishes. Therefore, necessary steps are needed to stop destructive fishing, establish permanent fish sanctuaries and proper monitoring for maintaining sustainable biodiversity in the Dharla River

Aurelius and McLuhan: A Study in Ancient and Modern Communication Theories

Marcus Aurelius\u27 Meditations, written near the end of the Roman emperor\u27s life around 170-180 AD, is considered the first ever private, written journal. His written meditations were the first directed toward his own mind rather than an audience in order to encourage proper Stoic habits. The 20th century philosopher of communication theory Marshall McLuhan posited that the medium is the message, that is, the method of communication itself can introduce a change of scale, pace or pattern into human affairs. However, McLuhan\u27s theory proves timeless when analyzed with the Meditations, as Aurelius is aware of the way in which his musings propel a change in his thoughts from off of the page and into his active life. Furthermore, Aurelius\u27 understanding of the command which the written word yields can be seen in contemporary society with the advent of social media and the methods in which private discourse is carried out in a public sphere

Catherine Morland Grows Up

Catherine Morland Grows Up chronicles the journey of the heroine of Jane Austen\u27s Northanger Abbey, Catherine Morland, specifically her trials and the circumstances which she experiences in order to develop into a mature young woman. The essay delves into the sources of Catherine\u27s immaturity and the negative consequences that result as well as the turning point which results in Catherine\u27s recognition scene that leads to her enlightenment that begins the gradual development of her conscious. My essay (and the novel) describes Catherine\u27s traits that delay her maturation. If we use her as an example and resolve our own problems, we find that our lives too can break the bonds that deter us from realizing what we can truly become