Electron and muon parameters of EAS and the composition of primary cosmic rays in 10(15) to approximately 10(16) eV

Estimation of the relative intensities of protons and heavy nuclei in primary cosmic rays in the energy region 10 to the 15th power approx. 10 to the 17th power eV, was done by a systematic comparison between all available observed data on various parameters of extensive air showers (EAS) and the results of simulation. The interaction model used is an extrapolation of scaling violation indicated by recent pp collider results. A composition consisting of various percentages of Fe in an otherwise pure proton beam was assumed. Greatest overall consistency between the data and the simulation is found when the Fe fraction is in the region of 25%

Cathode drop in arc discharges

There is no general agreement among physicists concerning the mechanism which produces a Iqw cathode drop with the correspondingly high current density which is characteristic of an electric arc. Herewith is presented a review of prevalent theories regarding this phenomenon, and results of some experiments on arc and glow discharges

The positive excess of cosmic ray muons at large zenith angles

Details of two solid iron magnetic spectrographs, incorporating neon flash tubes, with m.d.m.'s. of 300 GeV/o and 1950 GeV/c are presented, as are the results on the µ(^+)/µ(^-)ratio in the zenith angular ranges 77.º5 - 90º , and 82.5º - 90º based on samples of 10832 particles and 2167 particles respectively, obtained with these instruments. In the energy region where comparison with the work of other authors can be made agreement obtains. The overall results confirm, in general, previous values below 200 GeV but do not show any great evidence for a sharp minimum in the ratio in the region of 50 - 100 G-eV as reported by some authors. At higher energies the present results do not show a rapidly increasing ratio, as was expected from an extrapolation of earlier measurements. A review of all published measurements on the µ(^+)/µ(^-) ratio is presented, which suggests an approximately constant ratio from E-3 - 10(^3) GeV, of 1,20 - 1.25. In an effort to give a theoretical interpretation of the results it is shown that pion production within the framework of a statistical model based on our knowledge of nucleon interactions at high energies will not account for the experimental data. The effect of, and evidence for, the production of kaons, subject to certain assumptions, is investigated and it is concluded that, under the assumptions considered, the adopted value of the K/π ratio is not sufficient to account for the data in the region Eµ= 10 - 50 G-eV. The effect of other dynamical models such as the isobar model and the O.P,3. model are considered. It is argued that the production of T = 1/2 isobars with a slowly decreasing cross-section, combined with the other features of nucleon interactions as observed at accelerator energies, is sufficient to account for the present experimental position when the errors in the experimental data are taken into account, but none of several proposed models for particle production in high energy interactions can be uniquely selected on the basis of the results

Cathode drop in arcs and glow discharges

THE ARC is defined as an electrical discharge in a gas or a vapor in which the cathode drop is of the order of 10 or 20 volts and the current density to the cathode spot is of the order of hundreds or thousands of amperes per square centimeter. For an arc to exist it is necessary that there be some mechanism for producing electrons at or near the cathode. Unfortunately, there is no general agreement among physicists as to the mechanism which produces this low cathode drop with the correspondingly high current density which is characteristic of an electric arc. In this paper the author reviews briefly the different prevalent theories regarding the low cathode drop in an arc, offering discussions and interpretations based upon extensive research work carried out at the California Institute of Technology

Generation of Electric Charges by moving Rubber-Tired Vehicles

The current flowing to ground from an automobile, whose rear wheels were turning on a dynamometer, was measured. The magnitude of the constant current measured, in the order of microamperes, shows that the vehicle is electrically charged by conduction through the tires. The experimental results are consistent with the conception of a simple equivalent circuit. These results were checked by road tests. Calculation shows that the tires are usually conducting sufficiently to discharge a car in a short time after it has stopped moving

The cathode drop in an electric arc

By making the assumption that the total cathode drop occurs in a distance less than one mean free path from the cathode, Poisson's equation can be solved. If the experimental values of 4000 amperes per square centimeter, and 10 volts are used for the current density at the cathode, and the cathode drop in a mercury arc, values for the electric field existing at the surface of the cathode can be determined for varying percentages of the current carried by positive ions. If 5% of the current at the cathode is carried by positive ions, the field existing at the surface of the cathode exceeds 5×10^(5) volts per cm. This is probably sufficient to furnish the necessary electron current by "field" currents produced by this high field. The whole cathode drop occurs within a distance of approximately 2×10^(-5) centimeters, so that the original assumption is justified

Fields currents from points

The laws governing the extraction of electrons from metals in high vacua by fields, first developed through experiments with crossed wires, then with fine wire cathodes discharging to cylindrical anodes, have been now found to hold throughout for field currents between points and planes. The theory needed for the quantitative determination of the potential gradients at points is here given, and critical gradients then determined experimentally. The generality of the linear relation between log i and the reciprocal of field-strength is experimentally established

Cathode drop in arcs and glow discharges

THE ARC is defined as an electrical discharge in a gas or a vapor in which the cathode drop is of the order of 10 or 20 volts and the current density to the cathode spot is of the order of hundreds or thousands of amperes per square centimeter. For an arc to exist it is necessary that there be some mechanism for producing electrons at or near the cathode. Unfortunately, there is no general agreement among physicists as to the mechanism which produces this low cathode drop with the correspondingly high current density which is characteristic of an electric arc. In this paper the author reviews briefly the different prevalent theories regarding the low cathode drop in an arc, offering discussions and interpretations based upon extensive research work carried out at the California Institute of Technology

Cathode drop in arc discharges

There is no general agreement among physicists concerning the mechanism which produces a Iqw cathode drop with the correspondingly high current density which is characteristic of an electric arc. Herewith is presented a review of prevalent theories regarding this phenomenon, and results of some experiments on arc and glow discharges