Identifying uncertainty contributions to the seismic fragility assessment of a nuclear reactor steam line

International audienceIn nuclear applications, fragility curves are an essential element of the seismic probabilistic safety assessment that is performed at the level of the power plant. These statistical tools establish the link between the probabilistic seismic hazard loading at the site and the required performance of the plant's safety functions. In this context, the fragility model formalized by Kennedy & Ravindra (1984) proposes to account for the aleatory randomness and the epistemic uncertainty generated by various sources of variability, such as the representation of the seismic input or the assumptions in the structural model and in the loading patterns. Therefore, this study investigates the relative contributions of such variables to the dispersion of the resulting fragility functions, while ensuring the separation between aleatory and epistemic uncertainty sources, as advocated by the standards in effect in the nuclear industry. To this end, a coupled model of a supporting structure and an anchored steam line is considered and computed with the finite-element CAST3M software (Rahni et al., 2017). The failure criterion is related to the exceedance of a given effort value at a point of the steam line corresponding to a vertical stop. A coupled of hundreds of three-component ground-motion records are applied at the base of the model, in order to perform non-linear time-history analyses. The record selection follows the conditional spectrum method (Lin et al., 2013), in order to scale the records while ensuring the hazard consistency, through the identification of reference earthquake scenarios for each predefined hazard level. As a result, dozens of ground-motion parameters are tested as potential intensity measures (IMs), with respect to state-of-the-art indicators measuring efficiency or sufficiency. Some couples of ground-motion parameters are assembled as vector-valued IMs, in order to generate so-called fragility surfaces: these multi-variate functions may then be reinterpreted as single-IM fragility curves, where the conditional distribution of the secondary IM with respect to the main one generates additional confidence intervals for the fragility curve. It is thus shown that the aleatory randomness due to record-to-record variability may be partially transferred to an epistemic uncertainty contribution. This variability is then put in perspective with other sources of uncertainty due to modelling assumptions, such as the variability in the mechanical parameters of the model or the angle of loading of the seismic input

The development of spasticity with age in 4,162 children with cerebral palsy : a register-based prospective cohort study

Background and purpose — Spasticity is often regarded as a major cause of functional limitation in children with cerebral palsy (CP). We analyzed the spasticity development with age in the gastrosoleus muscle in children with CP. Children and methods — This is a longitudinal cohort study of 4,162 children (57% boys) with CP born in 1990–2015, monitored using standardized follow-up examinations in the Swedish surveillance program for CP. The study is based on 57,953 measurements of spasticity of the gastrosoleus muscle assessed using the Ashworth scale (AS) in participants between 0 and 15 years of age. The spasticity was analyzed in relation to age, sex, and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels using a linear mixed model. Development of spasticity with age was modeled as a linear spline. Results — The degree of spasticity increased in most children over the first 5 years of life. At 5 years of age, 38% had an AS level of ≥ 2. The spasticity then decreased for 65% of the children during the remaining study period. At 15 years of age only 22% had AS ≥ 2. The level of spasticity and the rate of increase and decrease before and after 5.5 years of age were higher in children at GMFCS IV–V. Interpretation — The degree of spasticity of the gastrosoleus muscle often decreases after 5 years of age, which is important for long-term treatment planning and should be considered in spasticity management