ANÁLISE DA ESTRUTURA ESPACIAL DO MERCADO BRASILEIRO DE SUÍNOS

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, analisar o padrão e o grau de integração dos mercados de suínos nos diferentes estados brasileiros, no período de janeiro de 1980 a março de 2005. foram analisados aspectos relacionados à forma de relacionamento entre eles e à determinação dos mercados mais ou menos integrados. além do mais, analisaram-se os fatores que determinam o grau de integração entre esses mercados. O método utilizado neste estudo foi o de séries temporais, mais especificamente a análise de co-integração multivariada de modo geral, observou-se que o mercado brasileiro de suínos apresentou grande dinamismo em relação ao comportamento dos preços nas diferentes localidades que compõem o mercado, considerando que todos os ajustes ocorreram relativamente rápido, ou seja, num período de menos de três meses. Em relação à análise dos determinantes do grau de integração no mercado brasileiro de suínos, pode-se dizer que há uma relação direta entre as localidades que possuem maior acesso à infra-estrutura de comunicação, melhores níveis educacionais e melhor infra-estrutura de transporte com o grau de integração, o que permite inferir que há um relacionamento entre o nível de desenvolvimento econômico e social dos estados e o grau de integração. Portanto, medidas direcionadas à melhoria da infra-estrutura de transporte e comunicação, além do aumento do nível educacional da população, podem contribuir para o aumento do grau de relacionamento entre as localidades do mercado e, dessa forma, aumentar sua eficiência e competitividade.---------------------------------------------The objectives of this work were to analyze swine market integration in different brazilian states from january 1980 through march 2005. Aspects related to market interrelationship, and determination of more or less integrated markets were analyzed, as well as the factors determining the degree of integration among these markets. The method used in this study was that of temporal series, more specifically, multivariate co-integration analysis. Overall, it was observed that the brazilian swine market showed great vitality regarding price behavior in the different localities studied, considering that all the adjustments occurred relatively fast, i.e., within a period shorter than three months. with regard to the analysis of the determinants of the degree of integration in the brazilian swine market, one can state that there is a direct relationship between the localities possessing greater access to communication infrastructure, better educational levels and better transport infrastructure and degree of integration, allowing to infer that there is a relationship between the level of economic and social development and degree of integration of the states. Therefore, measures directed to improving transport and communication infrastructure, as well as increasing the educational level of the population may contribute to increased degree of relationship among the market localities, leading to enhanced efficiency and competitivity.Integração de mercado, suínos e co-integração multivariada, Market integration, swine e multivariate co-integration, Livestock Production/Industries,

MEDIDAS TARIFÁRIAS E TÉCNICAS AO COMÉRCIO INTERNACIONAL: UM OLHAR SOBRE OS PAÍSES AVANÇADOS E EMERGENTES

This study evaluates the adoption and impact of tariffs and technical measures for emerging and advanced countries. The results showed that tariffs are considerably higher in emerging countries, but the negative effect of these tariffs is more intense for advanced countries. With regard to technical measures, the ones that requires changes in the product tend to be facilitating trade, while that demanding changes in the production process have shown mixed results. Thus, despite the elevation of production costs, technical measures can facilitate trade due standardization, which makes universal harmonization of standards and regulations a benefit possible with broad international dialogue.O presente estudo analisa a adoção e o impacto de tarifas e medidas técnicas por países avançados e emergentes. Os resultados mostraram que as tarifas são consideravelmente mais altas nos emergentes porém, o efeito negativo destas se mostrou relativamente mais intenso para países avançados. Com relação às medidas técnicas, alterações no produto tendem a ser facilitadoras de comércio, enquanto alterações no processo produtivo apresentaram resultados ambíguos. Assim, apesar de elevarem os custos de produção, medidas técnicas podem impulsionar o comércio devido a padronização, o que torna benéfica uma harmonização universal de padrões e regulamentos possível com amplo diálogo internacional

ELASTICIDADE-RENDA DAS DESPESAS COM ÁGUA E ESGOTO NO MEIO URBANO E NO MEIO RURAL DAS REGIÕES BRASILEIRAS

Este trabalho objetivou analisar as mudanças ocorridas na despesa com água e esgoto, em resposta à alteração na renda das famílias nas regiões Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul. Para isso, estimou-se a elasticidade-renda da despesa por meio de um modelo econométrico que consiste em ajustar uma poligonal com três segmentos, com vistas em mostrar como a despesa com água e esgoto varia em decorrência de uma alteração no recebimento familiar. Os dados foram extraídos da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar de 2002/2003, realizada pelo IBGE. Os valores encontrados para elasticidade-renda situaram-se entre 0 e 1, o que indica que a água pode ser considerada um bem normal nas regiões analisadas e no Brasil, onde o valor encontrado foi de 0,4263. As estimativas mostraram ainda que, quase sempre, a elasticidade-renda das despesas com água e esgoto no meio rural é maior do que no meio urbano.----------------------The objective of this paper was to analyze the expense changes with water and sanitation taxes in response to change in households’ income in the main Brazilian regions (North, Northeast, Central-West, South East, and South). The data were collected from the Household Budgetary Research (POF) of IBGE for the period 2002/2003. Elasticity-income of expenditure was estimated through an econometric model which consisted of an adjusted polygonal with three segments. The values encountered for the elasticity-income of expenditure are between 0 and 1, indicating that water can be considered a normal good in the regions analyzed, and, for the country as a whole, the value encountered was 0.4263. The estimations show also that, in general, the elasticity-income of expenditure of water and sanitation taxes is higher in rural areas than in urban areas.água, elasticidade-renda, regiões brasileiras, water, elasticity-income, Brazilian regions, Consumer/Household Economics,

Impactos da influenza aviária no mercado internacional de carnes

Animal infectious disease outbreaks as Avian Influenza, Foot and mouth disease and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy can influence trade and bring economic consequences to affected countries. For this reason, this work aims to analyze the effects on meat import demand in the years of 1997 and 2003 to 2005, the Avian Influenza outbreaks period. The analytical framework used was panel data econometrics. The results point to a reduction on chicken meat demand in 1997 and increase to the other meats, indicating a possible substitution. From 2003 on, chicken meat demand showed slight increase, as did pig meat, only bovine meat demand showed a reduction. This fact can be explained by a restriction on bovine and chicken supply caused by the imposition of sanitary barriers to the main exporting countries.Avian Influenza, Import demand, Beef, Chicken meat, Panel data, International Relations/Trade,

ANÁLISE DA COMPETITIVIDADE DO AÇÚCAR BRASILEIRO NO MERCADO INTERNACIONAL, 1990 A 2004

Mudanças ocorridas na economia mundial, como liberalização de mercados e formação de blocos, têm exigido que países em desenvolvimento, como no caso do Brasil, acompanhem tais transformações principalmente no que se refere à busca por produtos diferenciados e de maior qualidade. Diante disso, o setor açúcar iniciou um processo de reestruturação produtiva, visando estimular a modernização e, com isso, ampliar sua competitividade no comércio internacional. Considerando a importância desse setor para a economia brasileira, no que se refere à participação no PIB e na geração de divisas, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a competitividade das exportações brasileiras de açúcar, no período de 1990 a 2004. O modelo teórico utilizado esta fundamentado na Teoria da competitividade e do Comércio Internacional. O procedimento de análise baseou-se nos indicadores de desempenho, eficiência e capacitação. Os dados usados foram obtidos em diversas instituições, tais como a Secretaria de Comércio Exterior (SECEX), da Fundação Getúlio Vargas, a Organização das Nações Unidas para a Agricultura (FAO), a FNP Consultoria e o Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT). Os indicadores de competitividade apresentados indicaram que o açúcar brasileiro é altamente competitivo no comércio internacional, visto que as exportações foram crescentes e as importações decrescentes, chegando, em alguns períodos, a zero. Constatou-se, também, a representatividade do açúcar no PIB agrícola e na geração de divisas para o país. Os indicadores de eficiência e capacitação mostraram que o Brasil vem aumentando a sua competitividade por meio de maiores rendimentos com o produto e maiores gastos em ciência e tecnologia, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o setor de açúcar tem ampliado a sua competitividade com relação aos principais países produtores.----------------------------------------------Changes happened in the world economy, such as liberalization of markets and formation of blocks any they have been demanding that developing countries, Brazil’s case, accompany such transformations mainly in what refers to the search for differentiated products of larger quality. Before that, the sugar sector began a process of productive restructuring, seeking to stimulate the modernization and, with that, to enlarge competitiveness in international trade. Considering the importance of that sector for Brazilian economy, regaling the participation in GDP and in generation dollar, the objective of this paper is evaluate the competitiveness of Brazilian sugar exports, in the period from 1990 to 2004. The theoretical model was Theory of the competitiveness and of the International Trade. The analysis was based on the acting indicators, efficiency and capacity. Data were obtained in several institutions; such as the Ministry of the development of agriculture and trade (SECEX), of the Fundação Getúlio Vargas, the Organization of the United Nations for the Agriculture (FAO), FNP Consultoria and the Ministry of the Science and Technology (MCT). The indicators of competitiveness indicated that Brazilian sugar is highly competitive in international scene, because exports were growing and decreasing imports, arriving, in some periods, to zero. It was verified, also, the representativeness of sugar in agricultural GDP and in the generation of dollar to the country. Efficiency indicators and capacity showed that Brazil is increasing competitiveness through larger incomes and larger expenses in science and technology, respectively. Therefore the sugar sector has been enlarging competitiveness company the main producing countries.Competitividade, Mercado internacional, Açúcar, Competitiveness, international Market, Sugar, Agribusiness, International Relations/Trade,

Desempenho do comércio exterior em Minas Gerais: estrutura, vantagem comparativa e comércio intraindústria

The globalization, an international process evidenced in the 80's decade, has requested the government and economic agents an orientation to reach international levels of competitiveness by the various sectors of the economy. Besides this fact, Minas Gerais state is the second state exporter in Brazil. It emphasizes the importance of the analysis of the structure and behavior of the export sector, as well as their effects on different economic sectors in the period 1996 to 2008. The objective of this paper is to identify and analyze groups of products that Minas Gerais state has revealed comparative advantages, degree of concentration of products and destinations of exports, and intra-industry or inter-industry trade. The theoretical model is based on the Theory of International Trade and Competitiveness. The analysis procedure utilizes indexes of revealed comparative advantages, contribution to trade balance ratio, Gini-Hischaman and trade intra-industry indexes. The data were generated by the Brazilian Department of Commerce. The results showed high concentration in a few products, such as (09) Coffee, tea, and spices, etc. (26) mining industry, (71) natural or cultured pearls, and (72) iron and steel, and destination markets, such as EU, NAFTA and Asia. Finally, the paper indicates that international trade in Minas Gerais state is basically inter-industrial, therefore a trade type Herckscher - Olhin.Revealed comparative advantage, Trade intra-industry, Exports, International Relations/Trade,

Competitividade do sistema produtivo de cana-de-açúcar em Minas Gerais: abordagem Matriz de Análise Política

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency and the competitiveness of the sugarcane production in Minas Gerais, based on different production systems. The applied theory is based on the Theory of the Firm and of the International Trade. The analytical method is the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). The results suggest that the production systems are competitive and efficient and that the irrigated production system presented the greatest competitiveness.Competitiveness, Policy Analysis Matrix, Sugarcane, Crop Production/Industries,

Evolução da produção de carne suína no Brasil: uma análise estrutural-diferencial

The objective of this paper is to analyze the production shares of the main Brazilian states (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso and Goiás) in the national production of inspected and total pork meat in the period from 2000 to 2006. The analysis considered the evolution of the production in terms of the regional effects, and indicators of the technical evolution of the production. The theoretical model used is the induced innovation model, based on agricultural modernization theory. The analysis method was the shift-share model. The results showed that the pork Brazilian production presented important transformations. Although the total production of pork meat has presented significant growth, the inspected production showed superior dynamism. The production is moving to regions closed to raw material supplying areas. The result is a production modernization dynamics in the areas of agricultural border, trend that had already been verified in the bovine livestock.Local factor, Technological factor, Shift-Share model, Pork meat, Livestock Production/Industries,

Análise do setor de produção e processamento de café em Minas Gerais: uma abordagem matriz insumo-produto

The objective of this work is to analyze coffee production and processing in the economic structure of Minas Gerais, to determine its importance and its linkages to the structure of the State economy, by using input-output matrix. Therefore, it is determined linkages indexes of Rasmussen-Hirschman, boarding fields, pure linkage index (GHS) and regional multipliers of product, income and employment. These applications are complementary to the identification of key sectors of the economy. The 1995 input-output matrix was used. Linkages indexes of Rasmussen-Hirschman and the analysis of the influence field pointed out that coffee production presents multiplying indicators above those of the economy, presenting higher backward and forward linkages. The coffee processing sector presents only backward linkage effects. In the multipliers analysis, it was observed that coffee production sector showed better performance in terms of product and income generation, while the coffee processing industry, in terms of product and of job multipliersCoffee, Minas Gerais, Input-output model, Key sectors, Agribusiness, R10,

A Intensidade da Exploração Agropecuária como Indicador da Degradação Ambiental na Região dos Cerrados, Brasil

Being constituted as the largest risk factor and effective degradation to the Savannah, the man’s intervention in the nature and, especially, the agricultural exploration require analysis and better monitoring. This work aims to analyze the relationship between the agricultural exploration and the environmental degradation in the area of the Savannahs, in 1995-1996. In particular, it is intended, to use multivariate statistical analysis, to verify the factors associated with the intensity of farming predominant in the determination of the degradation pattern, and to obtain indexes of exploration intensity to make possible to categorize and to group the microrregions in terms of degradation potential. The results showed that the intensity of the agricultural exploration was characterized by the intensive use of the soil (agricultural exploration) and by mechanical and biochemistry technologies; by the intensity of cattle exploration; and other dimensions of the agriculture. The microrregions with larger degradation levels concentrated on the northwest of Minas Gerais, part of south of Goiás, and part of the southeast of Mato Grosso. The smallest mean values of the degradation index were due to Tocantins, Piauí and Maranhão. The largest index was from the microrregion of Primavera do Leste (MT) and the smallest, Jalapão (TO).environmental degradation, intensity of agricultural exploration, Savannah, factorial analysis, index of environmental degradation., Agribusiness, Q50.,