Exercise Motivation Based on Gender and Body Satisfaction

Title: Exercise Motivation Based on Gender and Body Satisfaction Authors: Amanda Myers, Macie Culbertson, Taylor Garrels, Caroline Gheen, Amelia Hayes, Christopher Toepfer The goals behind an individual\u27s wish to exercise varies depending on person and gender. Assumptions can be made that those who partake in exercise are individuals who are happier with their bodies, however, that may not always be the case. The purpose of this study was to measure the relationship between body appreciation and students’ motivation and frequency of exercise habits, and how these correlations differed between men and women. Research has found that women who workout tend to exercise due to appearance-based motivations, like weight control and toned physique (McDonald & Thompson, 1992). Men who workout are found to have more functional-based motivation such as increasing their strength and competition (McDonald & Thompson, 1992). Additionally, those who participate in appearance motivated workouts tend to have lower body appreciation and time spent exercising has been found to be inversely correlated (Homan & Tylka, 2014; Prichard & Tiggemann, 2008). This study hypothesized that women who workout more will have more appearance-based motivation, and will score lower on the body appreciation scale. Men who workout more are expected to have more functional motivation for exercise and will score higher on the body appreciation scale. Participants were undergraduate general psychology students that were voluntarily recruited through a midsized university in the South. Participants were measured on their body satisfaction using the Body Appreciation Scale, motivations to exercise using The Reasons for Exercise Inventory, and frequency of exercise using The Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire. A Pearson\u27s r correlation test was conducted to analyze the data. Keywords: Motivation, Exercise, Gender, Body Satisfaction, Exercise Frequency, Body Image, College Students, Healt

Employee characteristics: resilience and self-efficacy as protective factors

This study will explore the relationship between self-efficacy and resilience as they affect stress-related outcomes in the workplace. The study will first measure all participant’s self-efficacy and resilience. The experimental group will then receive feedback mirroring that of a negative performance appraisal. The feedback will suggest the participant performed below average on a trivia test. Participants in the control group will receive neutral feedback on the same trivia test. Lastly, all participant’s resilience will be measured a second time. This study will seek to recruit students from a local South-Eastern university. The results of this study will further clarify the relationship that exists between self-efficacy and resilience as well as further demonstrating the value of resilience as a protective factor

The copy number variant involving part of the \u3b17 nicotinic receptor gene contains a polymorphic inversion.

The \u3b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene (CHRNA7) is located at 15q13\u2013q14 in a region that is strongly linked to the P50 sensory gating deficit, an endophenotype of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Part of the gene is a copy number variant, due to a duplication of exons 5\u201310 and 3\u2032 sequence in CHRFAM7A, which is present in many but not all humans. Maps of this region show that the two genes are in opposite orientation in the individual mainly represented in the public access human DNA sequence database (Build 36), suggesting that an inversion had occurred since the duplication. We have used fluorescent in situ hybridization to investigate this putative inversion. Analysis of interphase chromosomes in 12 individuals confirms the occurrence of an inversion and indicates that CHRFAM7A exists in both orientations with similar frequency. We showed that the 2\u2009bp deletion polymorphism in exon 6 of CHRFAM7A is in strong linkage disequilibrium with the inversion polymorphism (r2=0.82, CI 0.53\u20131.00, P=0.00003), which can therefore be used as a surrogate marker. Previous associations of endophenotypes of schizophrenia with the 2\u2009bp deletion might therefore be due to the orientation of the duplicon containing CHRFAM7A

EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF EPTACOG BETA (RECOMBINANT HUMAN FVIIA) ACCORDING TO AGE IN PERSONS WITH HAEMOPHILIA A/B WITH INHIBITORS UNDERGOING SURGICAL PROCEDURES

Introduction: Eptacog beta (CEVENFACTA®) is a new rFVIIa approved by the EMA for the treatment of bleeding events and prevention of bleeding during surgery in persons with haemophilia A/B with inhibitors (PwHABI) aged ≥12 years (y). Methods: PERSEPT 3 was a Phase 3 (NCT02020369) trial of eptacog beta in PwHABI who required surgical procedures. Eptacog beta was administered at an initial dose of 200μg/kg or 75μg/kg for major or minor procedures respectively. This was followed by 75μg/kg for ≥5 (major procedures) or ≥2 (minor procedures) days. Haemostatic efficacy was assessed using a 4-point scale during the intra and postoperative care period (primary efficacy endpoint was determined by the investigator at the study centre 48±4h after the last dose of eptacog beta, based on the totality of the assessments performed on the patient (pt) at each timepoint). This post-hoc analysis compared the efficacy and safety of eptacog beta by age (pts aged \u3c12 vs ≥12y). Results: Twelve pts were included (\u3c12y: n=5, 1 major and 4 minor procedures; ≥12y: n=7, 5 major and 2 minor procedures). The primary endpoint success proportion was 100% (95% CI: 39.8-100) in pts aged \u3c12y (4 successes, 1 missing) and 71.4% (95% CI: 29.0-96.3) in pts aged ≥12y (5 successes; 2 failures). The intraoperative success proportion was 100% (95% CI: 47.8-100) for pts aged \u3c12y (5 successes) and 100% (95% CI: 59.0-100) for pts aged ≥12y (7 successes). The success proportion 24h post-procedure was 100% (95% CI: 47.8-100) for pts aged \u3c12y (5 successes) and 100% (95% CI: 47.8-100) for pts aged ≥12y (5 successes; 2 missing). Two pts discontinued treatment (1 aged \u3c12y withdrew consent; 1 aged ≥12y due to an adverse event (AE): postprocedural hematoma). One pt experienced 2 serious AEs leading to death, both were considered unrelated to the treatment. No allergic or thrombotic events occurred; no neutralising antibodies were detected. Antifibrinolytics were used concomitantly with eptacog beta in 4 patients without any safety concerns. Discussion/Conclusion: This post-hoc subgroup analysis shows that eptacog beta is effective and well-tolerated in perioperative care irrespective of patient age (\u3c12 vs ≥12y), supporting the use of eptacog beta for bleed management (prevention and treatment) in major and minor surgical procedures in all PwHABI

Evaluating the Effects of Soybean Meal Levels and Valine, Isoleucine, and Tryptophan Adjustment in Diets with or without Dried Distillers Grain Solubles on Finishing Pig Performance and Carcass Characteristics

A total of 1,080 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 58.4 ± 1.26 lb) were used in this 121-d experiment to determine the effects of added soybean meal (SBM) versus using an amino acid (AA) adjustment in diets with dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. There were 27 pigs per pen and 10 replications per treatment. Treatments diets consisted of: 1) a control diet containing high SBM with no DDGS; 2) DDGS-based diet with a medium level of SBM; 3) DDGS-based diet with low SBM + Val, Ile, and Trp to equal levels as in diet 2; and 4) Treatment 3 but without the Val, Ile, and Trp adjustment (still meeting requirement estimates for all AA). Overall, from d 0 to 83, pigs fed the DDGS-based diets had decreased ADG (P = 0.014) compared to pigs fed the control diet. There was an improvement (P \u3c 0.05) in feed efficiency for pigs fed the high SBM diet without DDGS as compared to pigs fed diets including DDGS and low levels of SBM with no AA adjustment, with the other two treatments intermediate. There was a tendency (P = 0.074) for a treatment difference in HCW between treatments. Pigs fed the high SBM diet without DDGS had increased HCW (P = 0.018) compared to pigs fed the three diets containing DDGS. There were no differences between treatments for percentage lean, loin depth, or backfat (P \u3e 0.10). In conclusion, pigs fed diets containing no DDGS and higher levels of SBM had improved growth performance and HCW compared with pigs fed DDGS-based diets. When feeding diets containing DDGS, pigs fed without the AA adjustment had poorer overall feed efficiency (P \u3c 0.05) than those fed the control diet with pigs fed the other two diets intermediate, showing the importance of the AA adjustment in maintaining performance

Metabolizable energy and metabolizability coefficients of moringa and bocaiuva for slow-growing broilers at different ages.

This study aimed to determine nutrient metabolizability coefficients and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) values of moringa leaf meal and bocaiuva pulp for slow-growing broilers. Three hundred and fifty 1-day-old chicks of the Red Naked Neck line were allocated to five treatments in a completely randomized design with seven replicates of 10 birds. Treatments consisted of a control diet and four test diets. The proportion of ingredients evaluated in the test diets was 20% moringa leaf meal and bocaiuva pulp and 40% corn and soybean meal. The total excreta collection method was applied with 1% ferric oxide included in the diets as a marker of start and end of collection, in the starter, grower and finisher phases. The metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract and the AME and AMEn values of moringa leaf meal, bocaiuva pulp, corn and soybean meal were determined. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey?s test at the 5% probability level. The protein from moringa leaf meal and the fat from bocaiuva pulp are highly metabolizable by birds at different ages. The AME and AMEn values of moringa leaf meal ranged from 2557 to 2868 Kcal/kg and 2205 to 2479 Kcal/kg, respectively. In bocaiuva pulp, AME and AMen ranged between 2680 and 3119 Kcal/kg and 2483 and 2490 Kcal/kg, respectively. Therefore, the alternative ingredients can be used in the formulation of diets for slow-growing broilers to partially replace corn and soybean meal

Effects of increasing AA ratios, SBM and DDGS on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs and the inclusion of HiPhorius Phytase on nursery and finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, serum chemistry, and bone mineralization

Master of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and IndustryMajor Professor Not ListedRobert D GoodbandThis thesis includes three chapters addressing very practical questions facing swine nutritionists including replacing soybean meal with dried distillers grain with solubles and feed-grade amino acids and the addition of a novel phytase source in nursery and finishing pigs. Two experiments using a total of 1,701 finishing pigs was used to determine the effect of amino acid adjustments, soybean meal and dried distillers grain with solubles inclusion on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. In Exp.1 no effect was observed on growth performance based on dietary amino acid adjustment. In Exp. 2, an improvement in feed efficiency was observed in pigs fed dried distillers grain with solubles -based diets with an amino acid adjustment. Additionally, two experiments using a total of 2,321 pigs were conducted to evaluate the inclusion of HiPhorius phytase on growth performance, serum chemistry, carcass characteristics, and bone mineralization o finishing pigs. Decreased growth performance (Exp.1) as well as bone mineralization (Exp.2) was observed, indicating that the phytase release provided by the phytase was less than the assumed release used in diet formulation. Finally, another experiment with 297 nursery pigs was conducted to determine the effects of HiPhorius phytase on nursery pig growth performance and bone mineralization. Increasing phytase in diets formulated below the pig’s P requirement improved growth performance and bone mineralization. Increasing phytase in diets with 0.27% aP did not influence growth performance, but improved bone mineralization. In summary, these experiments provide data on the efficacy of a new phytase source in nursery and finishing pigs, and additional insight on the interrelationship of branch-chain amino acids and large neutral amino acids in diets containing dried distillers grain with solubles in finishing pigs

Evaluating the Effects of HiPhorius Phytase Added in Diets at or Below the P Requirement on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Bone Mineralization

A total of 297 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initially 8.64 ± 0.181 kg) were used in a 21-d trial to determine the effects of HiPhorius phytase on growth performance and bone characteristics. Pens of pigs were assigned to 1 of 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 5 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. The first three diets were formulated to contain 0.09% aP; without added phytase (control), or the control diet with 600 or 1,000 FYT/kg of added phytase (considering a release of 0.15 or 0.18% aP, respectively). The remaining two diets were formulated to contain 0.27% aP, one without added phytase and the other with 1,000 FYT/kg. From d 0 to 21, pigs fed diets with increasing phytase containing 0.09% aP had increased (linear P ≤ 0.002) ADG, ADFI, and better F/G but phytase added to the 0.27% aP diet did not impact growth performance. Increasing phytase in diets containing 0.09% aP increased percentage bone ash in metacarpals and 10th ribs (linear, P \u3c 0.001; quadratic, P = 0.004, respectively), and increased grams of Ca and P in all three bones (linear, P ≤ 0.027). An increase in percentage bone ash (P ≤ 0.038) and increased grams of Ca and P in fibulas and 10th ribs (P ≤ 0.023) was observed when adding 1,000 FYT/kg phytase in diets with 0.27% aP compared with pigs fed 0.27% aP without added phytase. Increasing aP from 0.09% to 0.27% in diets without added phytase increased (P \u3c 0.001) ADG, ADFI, and improved F/G. Increasing aP from 0.09% to 0.27% in diets without added phytase increased bone density (P ≤ 0.002) in fibulas and metacarpals, percentage bone ash in all bones (P ≤ 0.074), and increased (P \u3c 0.05) grams of Ca and P in fibulas and 10th ribs. Pigs fed diets containing 0.27% aP with 1,000 FYT phytase had increased ADFI (P ≤ 0.047), bone density (P ≤ 0.008) in fibulas and metacarpals, percentage bone ash in all bones (P ≤ 0.002), and increased (P\u3c 0.05) grams of Ca and P in fibulas and 10th ribs compared to those fed 0.09% aP with 1,000 FYT phytase. For growth performance (average of ADG and F/G), aP release was calculated to be 0.170% for diets with 600 FYT/kg and 0.206% for 1,000 FYT/kg. For the average of all bone measurements (average of 3 bones for bone density and percentage bone ash), aP release was calculated to be 0.120 and 0.125% for diets with 600 and 1,000 FYT/kg, respectively. In conclusion, increasing phytase in diets formulated with less than the pig’s phosphorus requirement improved growth performance and bone mineralization. These data help to confirm the efficacy of HiPhorius phytase in making P more available in aP deficient diets, resulting in improved growth performance and bone mineralization. Furthermore, these data show that adding high levels of phytase in diets adequate in aP did not further improve growth performance, but increased bone mineralization

Evaluating HiPhorius Phytase in Two Diet Formulation Strategies on Finishing Pig Growth Performance, Serum Chemistry, Bone Mineralization, and Carcass Characteristics

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of HiPhorius (DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) phytase on finishing pig growth performance, serum chemistry, bone mineralization, and carcass characteristics. In Exp. 1, 1,161 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 80.9. ± 1.06 lb) were used in a 105-d trial. There were 27 pigs per pen and 10 or 11 replications per treatment. Treatments consisted of: 1) Control diet with no added phytase and formulated to NRC (2012) requirement estimates for standard total tract digestible (STTD) P; 2) 600 FYT/kg added phytase formulated to the same STTD P as the control diet considering a release of 0.13% STTD P and 0.095% STTD Ca; 3) 1,000 FYT/kg added phytase formulated to the same STTD P as the control diet considering release of 0.16% STTD P and 0.107% STTD Ca; and 4) high STTD P (no phytase; approximately 22% above NRC requirement estimates). All diets were formulated to a 1.30:1 STTD Ca:STTD P ratio. Overall, pigs fed NRC (2012) or high STTD P had increased ADG (P \u3c 0.05) compared to pigs fed the treatments with added phytase. Pigs fed diets with phytase tended to have decreased (P = 0.056) 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 compared to pigs fed NRC levels of STTD P without phytase. In Exp. 2, 1,160 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 167.4 ± 2.92 lb) were used in a 58-d trial. There were 27 pigs per pen and 11 replications per treatment. Treatments were the same as in Exp. 1, except diets were formulated to the same total Ca:P ratio (the phase 1 ratio was 1.15:1; the phase 2 ratio was 1.12:1) without an STTD Ca release consideration from phytase. Overall, there were no differences in ADG, ADFI, or F/G among treatments (P \u3e 0.10). For pigs fed NRC or high STTD P, there was an increase (P \u3c 0.05) in metacarpal bone density, and a tendency for increased bone ash weight (g) (P \u3c 0.10) and percentage bone ash (P \u3c 0.10) compared to pigs fed treatments containing phytase. In conclusion, regardless of diet formulation strategy, pigs fed diets with phytase had decreased growth performance (Exp. 1) and bone mineralization (Exp. 2). The unexpected result may be caused by several, or a combination of, factors, such as low or no monocalcium phosphate being included in the diets with phytase, lower analyzed than formulated P (based on sampled diets), not enough phytate-bound P in the diets for phytase to provide sufficient P, too wide of an analyzed Ca:P ratio that may have reduced phytase activity compared to the intended Ca:P ratio, or the expected P attributed to the phytase being overestimated

Prevalence of Escherichia coli in a Swine Nursery Facility Pre- and Post-Disinfection

During the spring of 2021, the Kansas State University Swine Early Wean Facility (SEW) experienced a notable increase in piglet morbidity and mortality. Piglet diarrhea was observed approximately 2 to 3 weeks post-weaning along with an increase in number of sudden mortalities. Necropsy samples were collected and confirmed for clinical diagnosis of Escherichia coli K88 infection by the Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. E. coli K88 can negatively impact performance of pigs and typically manifests as diarrhea, which can continue until death because of severe dehydration and metabolic acidosis or from terminal septicemia. Once present, E. coli, including E. coli K88, tends to persist in the environment unless vigorous efforts are successful at sanitation and disinfection. Therefore, the overall objective of this study was to determine the critical areas in need of improved disinfection at the nursery facility and to make recommendations based on environmental sampling results. The research team surveyed the most probable areas of contamination before sampling and identified six locations from which to collect environmental samples in each pen. These six locations, in addition to other common-use areas in the barn, were sampled using sponges and swabs from 10 pens at random both pre- and post-disinfection. After the completion of sampling, samples were enumerated using Sorbitol MacConkey Agar with cefixime and tellurite (CT-SMAC). E. coli was not detected from the common-use areas such as the water lines, office water faucets, and feed buckets. The dirtiest pen sample areas pre-disinfection included under rubber mats, inside and outside of waterers, and the floor slats. Disinfection significantly reduced (P \u3c 0.05) contamination of the floor slats and the waterer (inside and outside). While the slats were initially among the dirtiest samples, after cleaning, a 6.5 log reduction was observed. Conversely, contamination on the feeder surface and lip of the feeder was not significantly reduced post-disinfection (P \u3e 0.05). E. coli was recovered from every sample type post-sanitation. While the current cleaning process was successful in reducing bacterial contamination, these data suggest it could be further improved by using a more effective and thorough cleaning process, as some residual contamination remained. Recommendations might include the use of a stronger disinfectant with power washing, higher water pressure, and increased water temperatures, among others. Perhaps physical scrubbing in hard-to-reach locations, such as rubber mats and water cups might also be helpful