Avian Frugivory In Cytharexyllum Myrianthum Cham (verbenaceae) In Pastures Near Campinas, São Paulo [frugivoria Por Aves Em Cytharexyllum Myrianthum Cham (verbenaceae) Em áreas De Pastagens De Campinas, Sp]

Isolated trees in pastures are now often, due to increasing devastation of forested areas, important feeding places for migratory or generalist birds. These trees serve both as food sources and as deposition sites for seeds from fruits consumed in neighboring areas. The objective of this study was to identify the avian consumers of the fruits of Cytharexyllum myrianthum trees in open pastures and describe their feeding behavior and how it influences seed dispersion. Forty two hours of observations included 198 feeding bouts of nine bird species. Turdus leucomelas (Muscicapidae) was the main consumer (28% of fruit consumption), swallowing the entire fruit. Next, was Tyrannus melancholicus (Tyrannidae, 23%), which may be the most efficient seed disperser of C. myrianthum because it regurgitates the seeds on sites far from the parent tree.131113115Galetti, M., Pizo, M.A., Fruit eating by birds in a forest fragment in southeastern Brazil (1996) Ararajuba, 4, pp. 71-79Guevara, S., Purata, S. E. e E. Van der Maarel (1986) The role of remnant trees in tropical secondary succession. Vegetatio 66:77-84Guevara, S. e D. J. Laborde (1990) Uso de árboles aislados para el manejo de pastizales tropicales: su contribución al mantenimiento de la diversidade de espécies de la selva, p. 188-213. Em: Maitre, H. F. e H. Puig (eds.) Actes Cayenne. Atelier Sur L'amènagement Et La Conservation De L'ecosystème Forestier Tropical Humide. Etudes de Cas. Caiena: International Union of Forest Research Organizations/ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsHerrera, L.M., Jordano, P., Prunus mahaleb and birds: The high - efficiency seed dispersal system of a temperate fruiting tree (1981) Ecol. Monogr, 51, pp. 203-281Izhaki, I., Walton, P.B., Safriel, U.N., Seed shadows generated by frugivorous birds in an eastern Mediterranean shrub (1991) J. Ecol, 79, pp. 575-590Levey, D. (1986) Methods of seed processing by birds and seed deposition patterns, p. 147-158. Em: Estrada, A. e T. H. Fleming (eds.) Frugivores and seed dispersal. Dordrecht: Dr W. Junk PublLevey, D., Seed size and fruit - handling techiniques of avian frugivores (1987) Am. Nat, 129, pp. 471-485Lopes, R. F. (2000) Frugivoria e dispersão de sementes através da avifauna, em quatro espécies vegetais na região de Botucatu - SP. Piracicaba. Dissertação de mestrado - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de QueirozLorenzi, H. (2002) Árvores brasileiras: manual de identificação e cultivo de plantas arbóreas do Brasil, 1. (4.a ed). Nova Odessa: Instituto PlantarumMcKey, D. (1975) The dispersal of coevolved seed dispersal systems p. 159-191. Em: Gilbert, L. E. e P. H. Raven (eds.) Coevolution of animals and plants. University of Texas PressMoermond, T.C., Denslow, J.S., Neotropical avian frugivores: Patterns of behavior, morphology and nutrition, with consequences for fruit selection (1985) Ornithol. Monogr, 36, pp. 865-897Reitz, R., Klein, R. M. e A. Reis (1979) Levantamento das espécies florestais nativas em Santa Catarina com a possibilidade de incremento e desenvolvimento. Em: Reitz, R., Klein, R. M. e A. Reis (eds.) Projeto Madeiras de Santa Catarina. Itajaí: LunardelliSchupp, E.W., Quantity, quality and the effectiveness of seed dispersal (1993) Vegetatio, 108, pp. 15-29Sick, H., (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira, , Rio de Janeiro: Nova FronteiraSnow, D.W., Evolutionary aspects of fruit-eating by birds (1971) Ibis, 113, pp. 194-202van der Pijl, L., (1982) Principles of dispersal in higher plants, , Berlim: Springer, Verla

Feeding Behavior Of Aratinga Aurea (psittacidae) In Southwestern Minas Gerais State, Brazil [comportamento De Aratinga Aurea (psittacidae) Nov Sudeste De Minas Gerais, Brasil]

This research was carried out from August 1995 to August 1998. The objective is obtain data on feeding behavior of the Peach-fronted Parakeet (Aratinga aurea) in southwestern Minas Gerais State. Thirty-three plant species were eaten by A. aurea. Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae) and Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) were the most consumed. Aratinga aurea fed on flowers, fruit pulp but seeds were the most consumed item. The use of leaves as food was recorded only for Pyrus communis (Rosaceae), on a single feeding bout. From 33 species eaten, parakeets used seeds from 18 species, fruit pulp from seven and flowers from 12 species. The methods used to obtain food varied according to the size of plant species, as well as the morphology. Generally, it was possible to define three basic strategies: (1) the bird pecks the food without ripping it from the branch, (2) the birds plucks off the food with its beak and grinds it, (3) the bird plucks off the food with its beak, grabs it using its foot and only then starts to eat it. There was statistically significant variation of the methods used in relation to the food item. The flock size during feeding is highly variable. Flock size varied from one individual eating alone to 20 individuals at the same site. Records of flocks of one or two birds were mostly made during breeding period.173-4187193Altmann, J., Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods (1974) Behaviour, 49, pp. 227-267Antas, P.T.Z., Cavalcanti, R.B., (1988) Aves Comuns Do Planalto Central, , Brasília: Ed. UnBArrowood, P.C., Duetting, pair bonding and agonistic display in parakeet pairs (1988) Behaviour, 106, pp. 129-157Ayres, M., Ayres, M., Ayres, D.L., Santos, A.S., (2000) Bioestat 2.0: Aplicações Estatísticas Nas Áreas Das Ciências Biológicas E Médicas, , Belém: Sociedade Civil MamirauáBrown, C.R., Enhanced foraging efficiency through information centers: A benefit of Coloniality in Cliff Swallows (1988) Ecology, 69, pp. 602-613Cannon, C.E., Flock sizes of lorikeets, Trichoglossus spp (1984) Aust. J. Zool, 21, pp. 185-195Cannon, C.E., Flock size of feeding eastern and pale-headed rosellas (Aves: Psittaciformes) (1984) Aust. Wildl. Res, 11, pp. 349-355Chapman, C.A., Chapman, L.J., Lefebvre, L., Variability in parrot flock size: Possible functions of communal roosts (1989) Condor, 91, pp. 842-847Eisenmann, E., Favorite foods of Neotropical birds: Flying termites and Cecropia catkins (1961) Auk, 78, pp. 636-638de Faria, I.P., Peach-fronted Parakeet (Aratinga aurea) feeding on arboreal termites in the Brazilian Cerrado (2007) Revista Brasileira De Ornitologia, 15 (3), pp. 457-458Forshaw, J.M., (1989) Parrots of the World, , Melbourne: Landsdowne editionsFriedman, H., Davis, M., Left-handedness in parrots (1938) Auk, 55, pp. 478-480Galetti, M., Diet of the Scaly-headed parrot (Pionus maximiliani) in a semideciduous forest in Southeastern Brazil (1993) Biotropica, 25, pp. 419-425Galetti, M., Pedroni, F., Feeding behaviour of peach-frontes parakeet at Serra do Cipó, MG., Brazil (1996) Cotinga, 6, pp. 59-60Galetti, M., Seasonal abundance and feeding ecology of parrots and parakeets in lowland Atlantic Forest of Brazil (1997) Ararajuba, 5, pp. 115-126Harris, L.J., Footedness in parrots: Three centuries of research, theory, and mere surmise (1989) Canadian Journal of Psychology, 43, pp. 369-396Hyman, J., Pruett-Jones, S., Natural history of Monk Parakeet in Hyde Park, Chicago (1995) Wilson Bull, 107, pp. 510-517Juniper, T., Parr, M., (1998) Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of The World, , New Haven: Pica PressLack, D., (1968) Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds, , London: Methuen & Co. LtdLorenzi, H., (1992) Árvores Brasileiras, , Nova Odessa: Editora PlantarumMarcondes-Machado, L.O., De Oliveira, A.M.M., Comportamento alimentar de aves em Cecropia (Moraceae) em Mata Atlântica, no Estado de São Paulo (1988) Rev. Bras. Zool, 4, pp. 331-359Moermond T., C., Denslow, J.S., Neotropical avian frugivores patterns of behavior, morphology and nutrition, with consequences for fruit selection (1985) Ornithol. Monogr, 36, pp. 865-897Motta, J.J.C., Lombardi, J.A., Aves como agentes dispersores da copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii, Caesalpiniaceae) em São Carlos, estado de São Paulo (1990) Ararajuba, 1, pp. 105-106Murton, R.K., Why do some bird species feed in flocks? (1971) Ibis, 113, pp. 534-536Nimer, E., (1989) Climatologia do Brasil, , 2 ed. Rio de Janeiro: IBGENos, R., Camerino, M., Conducta de alimentación de cinco especies de cotorritas (Aves-Psittacidae) (1984) Misc. Zool, 8, pp. 245-252Paranhos, S.J., De Araújo, C.B., Marcondes-Machado, L.O., Comportamento alimentar do Periquito-de-encontroamarelo (Brotogeris chiriri) no interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil (2007) Revista Brasileira De Ornitologia, 15, pp. 95-101(1983) Levantamento De Recursos Naturais, 32. , Projeto Radam Brasil, Rio de Janeiro: Ministério das Minas e Energia-Secretaria GeralRagusa-Netto, J., Fecchio, A., Plant food resources and the diet of a parrot community in a gallery forest of the southern Pantanal (Brazil) (2006) Braz. J. Biol, 66 (4), pp. 1021-1032Rojas, R., Ribon, R., Guilda de aves em (Fabaceae: Faboideae) área de cerrado de Furnas, Minas Gerais (1997) Ararajuba, 5, pp. 189-194Roth, P., Repartição do hábitat entre psitacídeos simpátricos no sul da Amazônia (1984) Acta Amazônica, 14, pp. 175-221Sazima, I., Peach-fronted parakeet feeding on winged termites (1989) Wilson Bull, 101, pp. 656-657Sick, H., (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira, , Rio de Janeiro: Editora Nova FronteiraSilva, T., The golden conure in field and aviary (1990) Avic. Mag, 96, pp. 82-88Silva-Junior, M.C., (2005) 100 Árvores Do Cerrado: Guia De Campo, , Brasília: Editora Rede de Sementes do CerradoSimão, I., Santos F.A., M., Pizo, M.A., Vertical stratification and diet of psittacids in a Tropical lowland forest of Brazil (1997) Ararajuba, 5, pp. 169-174Stager, K.E., The Machris Brazilian Expedition: Ornithology: Nonpasserines (1961) Contrib. 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Daily Cycling Of Nitric Oxide Synthase (nos) In The Hippocampus Of Pigeons (c. Livia)

Background: Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is essential for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), a non-conventional neurotransmitter with an important role in synaptic plasticity underlying processes of hippocampus-dependent memory and in the regulation of biological clocks and circadian rhythms. Many studies have shown that both the NOS cytosolic protein content and its enzymatic activity present a circadian variation in different regions of the rodent brain, including the hippocampus. The present study investigated the daily variation of NOS enzymatic activity and the cytosolic content of nNOS in the hippocampus of pigeons. Results: Adult pigeons kept under a skeleton photoperiod were assigned to six different groups. Homogenates of the hippocampus obtained at six different times-of-day were used for NOS analyses. Both iNOS activity and nNOS cytosolic protein concentrations were highest during the subjective light phase and lowest in the subjective dark phase of the circadian period. ANOVA showed significant time differences for iNOS enzymatic activity (p < 0.05) and for nNOS protein content (p < 0.05) in the hippocampus. A significant daily rhythm for both iNOS and nNOS was confirmed by analysis with the Cosinor method (p < 0.05). The present findings indicate that the enzymatic activity of iNOS and content of nNOS protein in the hippocampus of pigeons exhibit a daily rhythm, with acrophase values occurring during the behavioral activity phase. 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