Electronic Surveillance in Crime Detection: An Analysis of Canadian Wiretapping Law

Wiretapping and electronic surveillance by law enforcement agencies has been going on in Canada for decades. An inquiry by the McDonald Commission in 1981 reveals this as part of normal activities of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.\u27 Now new technologies have enlarged the capacity of police in the surveillance area. Some of these developments include: 1) Laser beams and electronic rays capable of picking up and transmitting voices in the room when aimed at a walt or window. 2) Miniature listening devices known as bugs . Once installed these devices can overhear and record everything in the room and transmit up to half a mile away. 3) Miniature microphones that can be worn on an individual who engages in conversation with the suspect. 4) Wiretapping - the interception of telephone communications. This involves a connection to the wires over which conversation is taking place. 5) Parabolic microphones that can overhear without being placed in the premises. 6) Combination mirror - transmitter capable of picling up both sight and sound

An Interferometric Auto-Correlator

This work concerns the design and building of an interferometric auto-correlator for use in the analysis of ultra-short pulses and their sources. The need for such an instrument is explained with particular reference to optical communications. The evidence for the existence of frequency change within ultra-short pulses and methods used to investigate such changes is reviewed. The production of ultra-short pulses is briefly described and the basic theory of mode-locking treated. The relationship between pulse width and bandwidth is established. A brief theoretical treatment of a bandwidth limited pulse is given. Methods used for the detection and measurement of ultra-short pulses are described. Their areas of applicability and their limitations are discussed. Linear and nonlinear correlation techniques are described. Fast and slow correlations are differentiated. Background-free correlation methods for intensity and interferometric scans are described. The necessity for interferometric correlations in the investigation of pulse structure is discussed. The effect of pulse chirp on the correlation obtained is described. The difficulty in interpreting auto-correlations without assumptions regarding the pulse shape and structure, is noted. The construction of an interferometric auto-correlator is described and the functions of the individual components detailed. The mechanical and optical factors affecting instrumental accuracy are discussed. The operation of the instrument is described and its resolution estimated. The results of initial calibration tests are presented and the presence of 'glitch' in the obtained traces is noted. The source of the 'glitch' is identified. The operation of the instrument is demonstrated in three modes. In the first mode it is used as a Michelson interferometer to investigate the output of a semiconductor laser. Visibility curves are presented and several laser parameters estimated from them. Evidence is presented for instability and self-pulsing during cw operation. In the second mode, its use as an intensity auto-correlator is demonstrated. Pulse width measurements are recorded for a mode-locked Nd:YAG laser. In the third mode of operation interferometric auto-correlations are carried out on part of an Nd:YAG pulse and samples of the pulse are taken at different points throughout the pulse length. Indication of chirp within the pulse is demonstrated by the latter

An integration of the history of Weymouth, Massachusetts 1622-1923 with the history of the United States for use in secondary schools

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

Variability in the immune response to Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus in different strains of mice

Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) has been a favoured model for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) since 1975 when Lipton first reported that infection with TMEV caused a biphasic Central Nervous System (CNS) disease leading to demyelination. TMEV is a picornavirus belonging to the cardiovirus genus and is a natural enteric pathogen of mice which can occasionally initiate a chronic persistent infection of the CNS. This depends on the strain and dose of virus and the strain, age and sex of the mouse. Intracerebral infection of all mouse strains with the avirulent BeAn strain of TMEV results in an acute encephalomyelitis which in susceptible mouse strains, is followed by a persistent CNS infection with lesions of inflammatory demyelination or in resistant mouse strains eradication of the virus. On the other hand i.e. infection with the neurovirulent GDVII strain of Theiler's virus results in a fulminant encephalitis in mice of all genetic backgrounds.The main aim of this study was to determine the cytokine and immunoglobulin profiles elicited in different mouse strains during the acute phase of infection. mRNA transcript levels for numerous cytokines were studied in the brains and spinal cords in Balb/c (resistant), CBA (intermediately susceptibility) and SJL/J (susceptible) mice, during the acute phase of disease, using the technique of RNase protection assay (RPA). The RPA included analysis of transcripts for TNFp, TNFa, TGFp, IFNy, IL-la, ILip, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-13, IL-12p40 and IL-12p35. There were similarities between the strains in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines expressed including TNFa, TNFp and ILla. However, there were several fundamental differences between the strains including the inability of susceptible SJL/J mice to express IL-ip in the brain and the spinal cord when compared to Balb/c and CBA mice. SJL/J mice had an increase in expression of IL-4 and IL-10 and a decrease in expression of IL-2 and IFNy when compared to Balb/c and CBA mice. Expression of pro-inflammatory, anti¬ inflammatory, Thl and Th2 type cytokines correlated with the increase in levels of cellular infiltrates (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and F4/80+) in the CNS. Anti¬ viral immunoglobulin isotypes were also different in the three mouse strains studied. All strains produced similar levels of IgM however, Balb/c mice had significantly increased levels of IgGl and IgG2a compared to CBA and SJL/J mice during the acute phase of disease.This study also investigated TMEV persistence in CBA (intermediately susceptible) mice and the cytokine and anti-viral immunoglobulin isotypes associated with persistence. Virus persisted for >60 days in 50% of infected CBA mice, as determined by RT-PCR. Animals in which virus persisted had significantly increased RNA transcripts in the CNS for TNFa, IL-12p35 and IL-12p40. Persistently infected animals also had increased levels of anti-viral IgGl, IgG2a and IgG2b when compared to animals which had cleared the virus.The importance of interferons a/p and y were investigated. Virus spread extensively throughout the white matter regions of the brains in IFNa/pR°/° mice (constructed on a genetically resistant background (FI-2b)), during the acute phase of infection, indicating the importance of IFNa/p in preventing infection of oligodendrocytes. Infection of IFNyR°/° mice (also on a genetically resistant background) resulted in viral persistence and increased levels of anti-viral IgM, IgGl, IgG2a and IgG2b, demonstrating IFNy is essential for viral clearance. Perforin is a functional effector molecule in CTL killing, therefore, its role(s) during the acute and chronic phase of Theiler's virus infection was investigated to ascertain its importance. Studies in perforin knockout mice (also on a resistant genetic background) demonstrated that perforin is essential to control viral infection during the acute phase of infection, and is an absolute requirement for viral clearance.Infection with GDVII resulted in high levels of virus replication in the brains and spinal cords of infected mice. Levels of TNFa, IL-la, IL-2, IFNy and IL- 12p40 increase throughout infection in the brains of infected animals, and TNFa, IL-2 and IL-12p40 increase in the spinal cords. High virus titres, and an increase in the above pro-inflammatory cytokines correlated with an increase in levels of programmed cell death in CNS tissues.Infection of neonatal mice with the BeAn strain results in 100% mortality, with increased virus titres in the CNS. Expression of TNFp, TNFa, IL-4, IL-la and IL-6 increased throughout the course of infection of neonatal mice. TNFa has been implicated in the phenomenon of death by shock. Therefore, TNFa may have important implications in the pathogenesis of Theiler's virus infection in neonates

MacDonald-Miller Correspondence

This file is an exchange of letters, e-mails, and documents between Norman Miller and Duncan MacDonald, MD, including a four-volume collection of MacDonald’s writings, over a 30-year period, all on witchcraft, some 600 pages extracted from the original 1100. As such, the following material is unfinished, presenting sketches of ideas, concepts, and arguments. Duncan MacDonald served as a physician in Zambia and Kenya, including a period as a Flying Doctor . He later served as a provincial psychiatrist in Cornwall, UK. His parallel interests in economic development and international witchcraft issues led to long-term research on these issues, the witchcraft concerns in conjunction with Norman Miller

A Study of the Free Oscillations of the Earth

Published observations on the toroidal oscillations of the earth are critically reviewed. A supplementary analysis of the record obtained by the Lamont strain seismometer is presented. Eleven toroidal modes are identified, and it is concluded that the periods are known to within 1 per cent. A perturbation scheme involving the ratio of the angular velocity of the earth to the resonant frequency is used in calculating the effects due to the rotation of the earth on the resonant frequency. The free oscillations are viewed as a superposition of traveling waves. In a nonrotating system two traveling waves combine to produce a stationary standing wave. In a rotating system, the rotation distinguishes between waves that travel in the direction of rotation and those that travel in the opposite direction. Rotation removes a degeneracy and results in a splitting of a spectral peak of order l into 2 times l plus 1 peaks. The fractional displacement in frequency for the lowest-order toroidal oscillations is 1/206 and of the same order as the Q of the peak, so that splitting will probably not be observed in the toroidal oscillations. Viewed locally, rotation causes a particle to precess about a direction parallel to the axis of rotation. This precession will cause a variation of amplitude with time if the motion is recorded by an instrument with an anisotropic response function. Care is therefore needed in studying the time decay of a given spectral peak. Rotation also couples the normal coordinates so that a motion that is initially purely horizontal will develop a vertical component. It is expected that vertical seismometers should record particle motion with the toroidal frequencies. The perturbations of the toroidal oscillations due to core-mantle interaction are treated in detail. An exact expression is obtained for the rate of energy dissipated by a finitely conducting plate oscillating across a magnetic field. The energy dissipated at the core-mantle boundary due to viscous and hydromagnetic coupling is shown to be insignificant as compared with the energy dissipated within the mantle. The toroidal magnetic field leaking into the lower mantle combines with the dipole field, resulting in a stress on the mantle, tending to stiffen the lower boundary. The stress is of sufficient magnitude to produce a displacement toward higher frequency in the lower-order toroidal oscillations. Observations on the (sub 0) T (sub 2) oscillations lead to an estimate of the toroidal magnetic field in the lower mantle. A calculation of elastic energy in the low-order oscillations suggests a value of 10 (sup 18) ergs per cycles per hour for the energy density at low frequencies in the Chilean earthquake. Each mode of oscillation has a characteristic radial distribution of elastic energy associated with it. This distribution determines which parts of the earth contribute most heavily in determining a particular resonant frequency. The distribution of energy for the lower 17 modes for a homogeneous and a Gutenberg model earth is calculated. The resonant frequencies for models of the earth based on the Gutenberg and Lehmann distribution of elastic properties are presented. It is shown that the Gutenberg model earth fits the observations more closely than the Lehmann model and that a slight alteration of the Gutenberg model gives a significantly better fit to the observations. The alteration involves a lower shear-wave velocity in the lower mantle while the Gutenberg velocity distribution is maintained in the upper mantle. Various studies of the earth's oscillations coupled with surface-wave investigations substantiate Gutenberg's hypothesis of a layer of low velocity in the upper mantle. The physical conditions required for the formation of a region of low velocity are examined in detail. The results confirm Birch's earlier statement that a temperature gradient in excess of 6 degrees to 7 degrees per kilometer is needed to produce a decrease in velocity. The low-velocity layer does not require that the temperature approach or exceed the melting temperature. If tile upper mantle is homogeneous, the region of lower velocity should commence at the base of the crust and extend to 150 kilometers under the oceans and about 100 kilometers under continental regions. The distribution of thermal conductivity and radioactivity consistent with the low-velocity layer is also considered

Absence of Persistent Magnetic Oscillations in Type-II Superconductors

We report on a numerical study intended to examine the possibility that magnetic oscillations persist in type II superconductors beyond the point where the pairing self-energy exceeds the normal state Landau level separation. Our work is based on the self-consistent numerical solution for model superconductors of the Bogoliubov-deGennes equations for the vortex lattice state. In the regime where the pairing self-energy is smaller than the cyclotron energy, magnetic oscillations resulting from Landau level quantization are suppressed by the broadening of quasiparticle Landau levels due to the non-uniform order parameter of the vortex lattice state, and by splittings of the quasiparticle bands. Plausible arguments that the latter effect can lead to a sign change of the fundamental harmonic of the magnetic oscillations when the pairing self-energy is comparable to the cyclotron energy are shown to be flawed. Our calculations indicate that magnetic oscillations are strongly suppressed once the pairing self-energy exceeds the Landau level separation.Comment: 7 pages, revtex, 7 postscript figure

Synthesis and Investigation of Transition Metal Complexes With Small Pendant Arm Macrocycles

This work is centred upon the first row transition metal complexes formed with pendant arm macrocycles. The pendant arms in question are alkyl chains containing hydroxyl functions, they are substituted at the 2 position with either methyl or isopropyl groups there by creating a chiral centre on each arm. The ligand L1H3 has three tertiary nitrogen and three alcohol functions, it is thus potentially hexadentate (N3O3). The chromophores of the resulting complexes exhibit varying degrees of trigonal distortion and are highly suitable for investigation using absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The donor properties of the pendant hydroxyl groups are pH dependant. At low pH values they remain protonated acting as alcohol ligators; increasing the pH leads to deprotonation forming alkoxide donors. L1H3 is able to stabilise many different oxidation states. It forms extremely stable complexes with V(IV), Cr(III) and Mn(IV). In the presence of low (divalent) oxidation levels the pendant groups, in neutral solution, remain protonated and monomeric complexes of the form [ML1H3]2+ predominate. With higher oxidation states, e.g. Mn(IV) the superior Lewis acid properties of the metal leads to an increase in the acidity of the hydroxyl protons. Even in neutral conditions, deprotonation occurs yielding a tris alkoxide species [ML1]+. This unit forms strong hydrogen bonds with protonated species, e.g. resulting in dimer formation: [ML1H3L1M]3+ where the metal ions are in +2/+4 or +3/+3 oxidation states. Dimer formation is prevented by increasing the steric bulk about the O,O',O" face. This is achieved by replacing the pendant arm methyl substituents as on L1H3 for isopropyl groups i.e. L2H3. A monomeric complex [Mn(IV)L2]+ is formed under aerobic conditions. Modified "parent" macrocycles are discussed where one nitrogen donor is replaced by a neutral oxygen group -O-, creating an N2O ring system. Placing pendant alcohol groups on the remaining nitrogen donors creates a potentially pentadentate N2O3 ligand L4H2. Spectroscopic studies on complexes with this ligand are presented