Field Survey of Cucumber mosaic virus Subgroups I and II in Crop Plants in Costa Rica

copyright 2001 American Phytopathology Society Journals. Datos y artículo incluido por Lisela Moreira Carmona, responsable de depósitos de publicaciones del área de Patógenos y Plagas del CIBCMLeaf samples were collected from cucurbit and solanaceous crop plants and Musa spp. in 28 locations in five provinces of Costa Rica during the period from January to October 1996. Sampling sites were selected in dry, humid, and moist tropical regions ranging in altitude from 50 to 2,100 m above sea level. RNA-enriched total nucleic acid solutions were spotted onto nylon membranes and hybridized to RNA probes specific for Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) subgroups I or II. The presence of CMV was confirmed in 13 crops in 23 of the 28 sampling sites. CMV subgroup I was found to predominate in Costa Rica. CMV subgroup II was detected in the Atlantic region only, and in only 1 out of 113 CMV-positive samples.Universidad de Costa Rica/[801-94-905]/UCR/Costa RicaUnited States Agency for International Development/[HRN-5600-G-00-2013-00]/USAD/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[801-95-583]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM

El X aniversario del Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales

Resulta siempre fácil hacer analogías del desarrollo institucional con las etapas del desarrollo humano. Hablamos así de períodos de gestación, infancia, adolescencia y madurez en la vida de una institución. Desgraciadamente, si bien en una primera aproximación esta analogía puede ser válida, si tratamos de ponerle edad cronológica a las etapas nos veremos en problemas. ¿Cuándo sale de su infancia una institución? ¿Cuándo llega a su madurez

Apunts. Educació física i esports

Monográfico con el título: 'El deporte: diálogo universal'. Resumen tomado de la publicaciónEn este trabajo se discute la definición de desarrollo sostenible y sus limitaciones, aportándose luego datos básicos comparativos del desarrollo de Costa Rica desde la perspectiva del desarrollo humano. Se analiza la importancia del desarrollo turístico en este país, su inserción dentro de una estrategia de desarrollo sostenible y el papel que el deporte de aventura podría jugar en ésta.CataluñaUniversidad Pública de Navarra. Biblioteca; Campus de Arrosadía; 31006 Pamplona; Tel. +34948169060; Fax +34948169069; [email protected]

Variación del tamaño de frutos y semillas en 38 poblaciones silvestres de Phaseolus lunatus (Fabaceae) del Valle Central de Costa Rica

We studied the morfological diversity in fruits and seeds in 38 wild populations of Phaseolus lunatus var. lunatus (lima beans) in the central valley of Costa Rica. In order to do so, measured the lenght and width of the fruits and the lenght, width and thickness of seeds. We also calculated the ratio between these traits and determined the weight of 100 seeds. In general, we found significant variation between populations for all variables. When we grouped the 38 populations into eight geographical regions within the study area, we found significant differences between regions. However, the levels of variation between populations within geographical regions was larger than that found between geographical regions. These findings suggested that there is no clear relationship between these variables and the geographical grouping established in this study. The implications of these findings for the establishment of strategies for in situ conservation of wild populations of lima beans are discussed.Se estudió la diversidad morfológica de frutos y semillas de 38 poblaciones silvestres de Phaseolus lunatus var. lunatus (frijol lima) en el Valle Central de Costa Rica. Para ello se determinó la variación en el largo y ancho de vaina, el largo, ancho y grosor de las semillas, la razón entre estas variables y el peso promedio de 100 semillas. En términos generales, se puede afirmar que existen diferencias significativas entre las poblaciones analizadas para todas estas variables. Cuando se agruparon las 38 poblaciones en ocho regiones geográficas dentro del área de estudio, se encontró que existían diferencias significativas entre distintas regiones, pero la variación entre las poblaciones de cada región era mayor que aquella encontrada entre regiones. Estos resultados sugieren que no existe asociación entre estas variables y la región geográfica. Se analizó la utilidad de estos resultados para el desarrollo de estrategias para la conservación in situ de las poblaciones silvestres de Phaseolus lunatus

The impact of local extinction on genetic structure of wild populations of lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) in the Central Valley of Costa Rica: consequences for the conservation of plant genetic resources

Plant populations may experience local extinction and at the same time new populations may appear in nearby suitable locations. Species may also colonize the same site on multiple occasions. Here, we examined the impact of local extinction and recolonization on the genetic structure of wild populations of lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) in the Central Valley of Costa Rica. We compared genetic diversity from the samples taken from the populations before and after extinction at 13 locations using microsatellite markers. Locations were classified according to the occurrence of extinction episodes during the previous five years into three groups: 1) populations that experienced extinction for more than one year, and were later recolonized (recolonized), 2) populations that did not experience local extinction (control), and 3) populations that did not experience local extinction during the study, but were cut to experimentally simulate extinction (experimental). Our data did not show a clear tendency in variation in allele frequencies, expected heterozygosity, and effective number of alleles within and between groups of populations. However, we found that the level of genetic differentiation between samples collected at different times at the same location was different in the three groups of populations. Recolonized locations showed the highest level of genetic differentiation (mean Fst = 0.2769), followed by control locations (mean Fst = 0.0576) and experimental locations (mean Fst = 0.0189). Similar findings were observed for Nei's genetic distance between samples (di,j = 0.1786, 0.0400, and 0.0037, respectively). Our results indicate that genetic change in lima beans depends on the duration and frequency of local extinction episodes. These findings also showed that control populations are not in equilibrium. Implications of these results for the establishment of conservation strategies of genetic resources of lima beans are discussed

Brain structure–function associations in multi-generational families genetically enriched for bipolar disorder

Recent theories regarding the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder suggest contributions of both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative processes. While structural neuroimaging studies indicate disease-associated neuroanatomical alterations, the behavioural correlates of these alterations have not been well characterized. Here, we investigated multi-generational families genetically enriched for bipolar disorder to: (i) characterize neurobehavioural correlates of neuroanatomical measures implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder; (ii) identify brain–behaviour associations that differ between diagnostic groups; (iii) identify neurocognitive traits that show evidence of accelerated ageing specifically in subjects with bipolar disorder; and (iv) identify brain–behaviour correlations that differ across the age span. Structural neuroimages and multi-dimensional assessments of temperament and neurocognition were acquired from 527 (153 bipolar disorder and 374 non-bipolar disorder) adults aged 18–87 years in 26 families with heavy genetic loading for bipolar disorder. We used linear regression models to identify significant brain–behaviour associations and test whether brain–behaviour relationships differed: (i) between diagnostic groups; and (ii) as a function of age. We found that total cortical and ventricular volume had the greatest number of significant behavioural associations, and included correlations with measures from multiple cognitive domains, particularly declarative and working memory and executive function. Cortical thickness measures, in contrast, showed more specific associations with declarative memory, letter fluency and processing speed tasks. While the majority of brain–behaviour relationships were similar across diagnostic groups, increased cortical thickness in ventrolateral prefrontal and parietal cortical regions was associated with better declarative memory only in bipolar disorder subjects, and not in non-bipolar disorder family members. Additionally, while age had a relatively strong impact on all neurocognitive traits, the effects of age on cognition did not differ between diagnostic groups. Most brain–behaviour associations were also similar across the age range, with the exception of cortical and ventricular volume and lingual gyrus thickness, which showed weak correlations with verbal fluency and inhibitory control at younger ages that increased in magnitude in older subjects, regardless of diagnosis. Findings indicate that neuroanatomical traits potentially impacted by bipolar disorder are significantly associated with multiple neurobehavioural domains. Structure–function relationships are generally preserved across diagnostic groups, with the notable exception of ventrolateral prefrontal and parietal association cortex, volumetric increases in which may be associated with cognitive resilience specifically in individuals with bipolar disorder. Although age impacted all neurobehavioural traits, we did not find any evidence of accelerated cognitive decline specific to bipolar disorder subjects. Regardless of diagnosis, greater global brain volume may represent a protective factor for the effects of ageing on executive functioning.National Institute of Health/[R01MH075007]/NIH/Estados UnidosNational Institute of Health/[R01MH095454]/NIH/Estados UnidosNational Institute of Health/[P30NS062691]/NIH/Estados UnidosNational Institute of Health/[K23MH074644-01]/NIH/Estados UnidosNational Institute of Health/[R01HG006695]/NIH/Estados UnidosNational Institute of Health/[K08MH086786]/NIH/Estados UnidosUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM