56 research outputs found

    A multi-scale method to assess pesticide contamination risks in agricultural watersheds

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    The protection of water is now a major priority for environmental managers, especially around drinkingpumping stations. In view of the new challenges facing water agencies, we developed a method designedto support their public policy decision-making, at a variety of different spatial scales. In this paper, wepresent this new spatial method, using remote sensing and a GIS, designed to determine the contami-nation risk due to agricultural inputs, such as pesticides. The originality of this method lies in the useof a very detailed spatial object, the RSO (Reference Spatial Object), which can be aggregated to manyworking and managing scales. This has been achieved thanks to the pixel size of the remote sensing, witha grid resolution of 30 m × 30 m in our application.The method – called PHYTOPIXAL – is based on a combination of indicators relating to the environmen-tal vulnerability of the surface water environment (slope, soil type and distance to the stream) and theagricultural pressure (land use and practices of the farmers). The combination of these indicators for eachpixel provides the contamination risk. The scoring of variables was implemented according knowledgein literature and of experts.This method is used to target specific agricultural input transfer risks. The risk values are first calculatedfor each pixel. After this initial calculation, the data are then aggregated for decision makers, accordingto the most suitable levels of organisation. These data are based on an average value for the watershedareas.In this paper we detail an application of the method to an area in the hills of Southwest France. Weshow the pesticide contamination risk by in areas with different sized watersheds, ranging from 2 km2to 7000 km2, in which stream water is collected for consumption by humans and animals. The resultswere recently used by the regional water agency to determine the protection zoning for a large pumpingstation. Measures were then proposed to farmers with a view to improving their practices.The method can be extrapolated to different other areas to preserve or restore the surface water

    Évaluation des risques de contamination des eaux de surface sur des bassins versants agricoles. Approches multiscalaires par modĂ©lisation spatiale et analyse multicritĂšre pour l'aide Ă  la dĂ©cision

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    Il est dĂ©sormais avĂ©rĂ© que les pratiques intensives de production agricole mises en Ɠuvre depuis les annĂ©es 1960 en Europe, sont responsables de la dĂ©gradation des Ă©cosystĂšmes et notamment de la qualitĂ© des eaux de surface et souterraines. Afin de respecter les objectifs de rĂ©sultat dĂ©finis par la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau Ă  l’échĂ©ance 2015, les gestionnaires de la ressource ont dĂ©sormais ciblĂ©s prioritairement la protection des zones d’alimentation des captages. Cela nĂ©cessite une Ă©valuation environnementale Ă  une Ă©chelle adaptĂ©e aux mesures mises en Ɠuvre. Ces Ă©lĂ©ments expliquent les objectifs de cette thĂšse, Ă  savoir la contribution au dĂ©veloppement de mĂ©thodes d’évaluation environnementale des activitĂ©s agricoles Ă  l’échelle des territoires, en complĂ©ment de celles dĂ©jĂ  existantes. Nous avons ainsi utilisĂ© (i) des mĂ©thodes d’analyse et de modĂ©lisation multicritĂšre (ELECTRE) combinĂ©es avec un systĂšme d’information gĂ©ographique au niveau de petits bassins versants Ă©lĂ©mentaires de 2 Ă  5 km2 (sur le bassin de l’Oir, en Basse Normandie, Nord-ouest de la France et celui d’AuradĂ© sur les Coteaux de Gascogne, Sud-ouest de la France) (ii) une approche par modĂ©lisation spatiale (dĂ©nommĂ©e PIXAL) des risques agro-environnementaux en utilisant la tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection et un SIG, au niveau d'un grand espace Ă  enjeu environnemental de plusieurs milliers de km2, (Coteaux de Gascogne). Dans les deux approches, nous avons montrĂ© que la combinaison de critĂšres de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© des eaux et de pression agricole choisis de façon pertinente, permettent d’évaluer les risques agro-environnementaux Ă  diffĂ©rents niveaux d’organisation spatiale. L'Ă©valuation Ă  la parcelle agricole (niveau de la prise de dĂ©cision par les acteurs de terrain) procure une reprĂ©sentation au niveau du bassin versant Ă©lĂ©mentaire. L'Ă©valuation au pixel de l’image satellitale (Landsat 5-TM) permet une reprĂ©sentation Ă  diffĂ©rents niveaux de bassins versants emboĂźtĂ©s par agrĂ©gation. En perspective, un couplage entre un modĂšle d'analyse multicritĂšre avec un modĂšle spatial, pourrait permettre d’amĂ©liorer la performance de l’évaluation aux diffĂ©rents niveaux de l’action publique ou de terrain et d’apporter des Ă©lĂ©ments de rĂ©ponse supplĂ©mentaires Ă  la problĂ©matique du changement d’échelle spatiale. ABSTRACT : There is evidence that intensive farming practices applied in Europe since the 1960s are responsible for the degradation of certain ecosystems, and a reduction in the quality of surface and ground water. Excessive use of nitrogen-based fertilisers and pesticides have led to high concentrations of these substances being found in rivers, thus compromising raw drinking water sources. Soil erosion – caused by simplified crop rotations, feeding livestock on corn instead of grass, and the removal of elements such as embankments, trees, hedges, etc. – has been conducive to the transfer of these particles into surface water. The resulting turbidity has led to the clogging up of spawning grounds, with many negative effects on their biological quality. Complementing existing approaches, this thesis will focus on the development of methods for carrying out territorial environmental analysis of farming activities. For our study, we used (i) a multicriteria analysis and modelling (ELECTRE) combined with a Geographic Information System (GIS) on a selection of small elementary watersheds (ranging in size from 2 kmÂČ to 5 kmÂČ). These were located in the Oir basin, in Lower Normandy Region, in northwest France, and the AuradĂ© basin, in the hills of Gascony region, southwest. We also employed (ii) a spatial modelling approach (PIXAL) to represent agri-environmental risks. Applied to an environmentally-sensitive area (hills of Gascony region) of several thousand square kilometres, the PIXAL method involved evaluating agri-environmental risks through a combination of remote sensing and GIS. In both cases, we showed that choosing the most relevant criteria allows agri-environmental risks to be assessed at different organisational scales. Analysis at farm plot level (where decisions are made by stakeholders in the field) gives a representation of the elementary watershed. Pixel-based evaluation, using satellite imaging (Landsat TM5), provides a nested multi-aggregation view of different watersheds. Placing this study in perspective, coupling ELECTRE-style multicriteria analysis with a spatial model could be an effective way to improve analysis at different policy-making and territorial scales, as well as providing additional support where assessment needs to switch between those varying scales

    Part 2. Evaluation of the overall performance of winegrowing systems in the Bordeaux region and of agroecological transition scenarios (Results and Discussion)

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    The agroecological transition is an essential issue for vineyards, given the high pressure surrounding the use of pesticides to protect the crop. Major changes are required in winegrowing systems in order to achieve sharp reductions in the use of these inputs. With the aim of providing technical and practical benchmarks on the performance of agroecological systems, we have built and evaluated scenarios using multiple-criteria decision analysis. The background to the study and methodology are described in Part 1 (Macary and Aoudi, 2024)

    Assessment of the effects of best environmental practices on reducing pesticide contamination in surface water, using multi-criteria modeling combined with a GIS.

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    For half a century, the significant development of intensive farming has led to a massive use of products such as pesticides. The excessive use of these substances has contaminated surface water and groundwater. Some drinking water extraction points have also had to be abandoned. Around 30 years ago, in the southwest of France, a group of farmers decided to improve their farming methods, as well as developing new best environmental practices, such as grass strips along streams and riparian forests.By combining ELECTRE TRI-C, a sorting multi-criteria model, with a GIS, we were able to assign each farming parcel to one of the five levels of risk associated with surface water pesticide contamination. We also assessed the effectiveness of best environmental practices, and found that their use led to a reduction in the risk of pesticide transfer. This methodology re-enforces decision support tools for both water resource managers and agricultural and environmental stakeholders

    Évaluation des risques de contamination des eaux de surface sur des bassins versants agricoles. Approches multiscalaires par modĂ©lisation spatiale et analyse multicritĂšre pour l'aide Ă  la dĂ©cision

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    Il est dĂ©sormais avĂ©rĂ© que les pratiques intensives de production agricole mises en Ɠuvre depuis les annĂ©es 1960 en Europe, sont responsables de la dĂ©gradation des Ă©cosystĂšmes et notamment de la qualitĂ© des eaux de surface et souterraines. Afin de respecter les objectifs de rĂ©sultat dĂ©finis par la Directive Cadre sur l Eau Ă  l Ă©chĂ©ance 2015, les gestionnaires de la ressource ont dĂ©sormais ciblĂ©s prioritairement la protection des zones d alimentation des captages. Cela nĂ©cessite une Ă©valuation environnementale Ă  une Ă©chelle adaptĂ©e aux mesures mises en Ɠuvre. Ces Ă©lĂ©ments expliquent les objectifs de cette thĂšse, Ă  savoir la contribution au dĂ©veloppement de mĂ©thodes d Ă©valuation environnementale des activitĂ©s agricoles Ă  l Ă©chelle des territoires, en complĂ©ment de celles dĂ©jĂ  existantes. Nous avons ainsi utilisĂ© (i) des mĂ©thodes d analyse et de modĂ©lisation multicritĂšre (ELECTRE) combinĂ©es avec un systĂšme d information gĂ©ographique au niveau de petits bassins versants Ă©lĂ©mentaires de 2 Ă  5 km2 (sur le bassin de l Oir, en Basse Normandie, Nord-ouest de la France et celui d AuradĂ© sur les Coteaux de Gascogne, Sud-ouest de la France) (ii) une approche par modĂ©lisation spatiale (dĂ©nommĂ©e PIXAL) des risques agro-environnementaux en utilisant la tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection et un SIG, au niveau d'un grand espace Ă  enjeu environnemental de plusieurs milliers de km2, (Coteaux de Gascogne). Dans les deux approches, nous avons montrĂ© que la combinaison de critĂšres de vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© des eaux et de pression agricole choisis de façon pertinente, permettent d Ă©valuer les risques agro-environnementaux Ă  diffĂ©rents niveaux d organisation spatiale. L'Ă©valuation Ă  la parcelle agricole (niveau de la prise de dĂ©cision par les acteurs de terrain) procure une reprĂ©sentation au niveau du bassin versant Ă©lĂ©mentaire. L'Ă©valuation au pixel de l image satellitale (Landsat 5-TM) permet une reprĂ©sentation Ă  diffĂ©rents niveaux de bassins versants emboĂźtĂ©s par agrĂ©gation. En perspective, un couplage entre un modĂšle d'analyse multicritĂšre avec un modĂšle spatial, pourrait permettre d amĂ©liorer la performance de l Ă©valuation aux diffĂ©rents niveaux de l action publique ou de terrain et d apporter des Ă©lĂ©ments de rĂ©ponse supplĂ©mentaires Ă  la problĂ©matique du changement d Ă©chelle spatiale.There is evidence that intensive farming practices applied in Europe since the 1960s are responsible for the degradation of certain ecosystems, and a reduction in the quality of surface and ground water. Excessive use of nitrogen-based fertilisers and pesticides have led to high concentrations of these substances being found in rivers, thus compromising raw drinking water sources. Soil erosion caused by simplified crop rotations, feeding livestock on corn instead of grass, and the removal of elements such as embankments, trees, hedges, etc. has been conducive to the transfer of these particles into surface water. The resulting turbidity has led to the clogging up of spawning grounds, with many negative effects on their biological quality. Complementing existing approaches, this thesis will focus on the development of methods for carrying out territorial environmental analysis of farming activities. For our study, we used (i) a multicriteria analysis and modelling (ELECTRE) combined with a Geographic Information System (GIS) on a selection of small elementary watersheds (ranging in size from 2 km to 5 km ). These were located in the Oir basin, in Lower Normandy Region, in northwest France, and the AuradĂ© basin, in the hills of Gascony region, southwest. We also employed (ii) a spatial modelling approach (PIXAL) to represent agri-environmental risks. Applied to an environmentally-sensitive area (hills of Gascony region) of several thousand square kilometres, the PIXAL method involved evaluating agri-environmental risks through a combination of remote sensing and GIS. In both cases, we showed that choosing the most relevant criteria allows agri-environmental risks to be assessed at different organisational scales. Analysis at farm plot level (where decisions are made by stakeholders in the field) gives a representation of the elementary watershed. Pixel-based evaluation, using satellite imaging (Landsat TM5), provides a nested multi-aggregation view of different watersheds. Placing this study in perspective, coupling ELECTRE-style multicriteria analysis with a spatial model could be an effective way to improve analysis at different policy-making and territorial scales, as well as providing additional support where assessment needs to switch between those varying scales.TOULOUSE-INP (315552154) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Usages des pesticides en viticulture. Transferts, bioaccumulation et impacts sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes. Effets des changements de pratiques agricoles

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    National audienceThe PhytoCOTE research project in Bordeaux (2015-2019) is an offshoot of the "Pesticides" group of the LabEx COTE of the University of Bordeaux. It aims to implement research work in an original approach to integration, relating to the use of pesticides in agrosystems including viticulture, their transfers and impacts in related ecosystems, as well as the evaluation of effects of changes in practices by modeling different scenarios. This project develops multiple multidisciplinary scientific approaches (agronomy, environmental chemistry, hydrobiology, ecology, ecotoxicology, socio-economics). The work of the agronomic axis aimed primarily at characterizing viticultural practices and particularly phytosanitary protection of the vine by evaluating by multi-criteria modeling coupled with a GIS, the contribution of each agricultural / viticultural plot of an experimental watershed studied in the Blayais, at the risk of transferring pesticides from their place of spreading to watercourses. Then we assessed the socio-economic and environmental performance of around 40 wine systems (vineyard activity on each farm) in the study area. This approach made it possible to feed the reflection for the construction of scenarios of change of practices, to favor a true agroecological approach, aiming to reduce the pressure and the phytosanitary impact on ecosystems. These scenarios are evaluated and compared with the performance results of existing wine systems.Le projet de recherche PhytoCOTE dans le Bordelais (2015-2019)est une émanation du groupe "Pesticides" du LabEx COTE de l'Université de Bordeaux. Il a pour objectif de mettre en oeuvre des travaux de recherche dans une démarche originale d'intégration, relatifs à l'usage des pesticides dans les agrosystÚmes notamment en viticulture, à leurs transferts et impacts dans les écosystÚmes connexes, ainsi que l'évaluation des effets de changements de pratiques par modélisation de différents scenarii. Ce projet développe de multiples approches scientifiques pluridisciplinaires (agronomie, chimie environnementale, hydrobiologie, écologie, écotoxicologie, socio-économie). Les travaux de l'axe agronomique visaient en premier lieu à caractériser les pratiques viticoles et particuliÚrement la protection phytosanitaire de la vigne en évaluant par modélisation multicritÚre couplée à un SIG, la contribution de chaque parcelle agricole/viticole d'un bassin versant expérimental étudié dans le Blayais, au risque de transfert des pesticides depuis leur lieu d'épandage vers les cours d'eau. Puis nous avons évalué les performances socio-économiques et environnementales d'une quarantaine de systÚmes viticoles (activité vigne sur chaque exploitation) sur la zone d'étude. Cette approche a permis de nourrir la réflexion pour la construction de scénarios de changement de pratiques, favoriser une véritable démarche agroécologique, visant à réduire la pression et l'impact phytosanitaire sur les écosystÚmes. Ces scénarios sont évalués et comparés avec les résultats de performances des systÚmes viticoles existants

    Pratiques culturales pour la réduction des intrants phytosanitaires en vigne périurbaine

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    L'usage des produits phytosanitaires en agriculture et particuliÚrement en viticulture est devenu un sujet sociétal prégnant. Les questions de santé humaine et de qualité environnementale sont au coeur des débats, ce d'autant plus que le vignoble se situe dans un périmÚtre proche de riverains. Les professionnels viticoles conscients de ces enjeux redoublent d'efforts pour réduire les quantités épandues (herbicides, fongicides, insecticides). Malgré des résultats actuels trÚs insuffisants du Plan Ecophyto, l'adaptation des pratiques de production ne cesse d'évoluer (désherbage mécanique, outils d'aide à la décision dans l'optimisation des traitements, utilisation de pulvérisateurs performants par leurs systÚmes antidérive, usages de molécules plus respectueuses de l'environnement et de l'humain, mise en oeuvre des techniques de biocontrÎle,...). La recherche travaille à l'élaboration de cépages résistants aux principaux fléaux du vignoble : mildiou et oïdium. Cet atelier terrain dans le Bordelais réunissant professionnels praticiens, conseillers, enseignants, scientifiques, a pu permettre de faire le point sur la plupart de ces sujets et de favoriser des débats trÚs constructifs entre tous les participants

    Usage des produits phytosanitaires dans les agrosystĂšmes, transferts et impacts potentiels vers les Ă©cosystĂšmes estuariens, effets des changements de pratiques agricoles et viticoles

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    National audienceCette communication avait pour but de présenter le projet PhytoCOTE du LabEx COTE de l'Université de Bordeaux, coordonné par Francis Macary

    Impact environnemental des pesticides et santĂ© humaine. Évaluation des performances environnementales de l'agriculture en rapport avec les pesticides

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    International audiencePesticides contribute to major degradation of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, as well as to human health problems. This situation is amplified in orchards and vineyards where the use of phytosanitary products is important (herbicides, but especially fungicides and insecticides). This use is sometimes excessive, poorly reasoned, and becomes more and more a recurring subject of controversy in the societal debate between agricultural actors and citizens anxious to preserve their health and ecosystems. This presentation is based on the work carried out as part of the PhytoCOTE regional project in partnership with socio-professional actors in Blayais, a wine-producing region north of Bordeaux. It presents the method implemented to evaluate the risks of contamination of surface water by pesticides spread on vineyard plots of the experimental watershed studied. The results are expressed here according to the level of contribution risk of each parcel to the transfer of surface water contaminants. A comparison is made with the use of pesticides in apple growing.Les pesticides contribuent Ă  une dĂ©gradation majeure des Ă©cosystĂšmes terrestres et aquatiques, ainsi qu'Ă  des problĂšmes sur la santĂ© humaine. Cette situation est amplifiĂ©e dans les vergers et les vignobles oĂč l'usage des produits phytosanitaires est important (herbicides, mais surtout fongicides et insecticides). Cet usage est parfois excessif, mal raisonnĂ©, et devient de plus en plus un sujet rĂ©current de polĂ©mique dans le dĂ©bat sociĂ©tal entre acteurs agricoles et citoyens soucieux de prĂ©server leur santĂ© et les Ă©cosystĂšmes. Cette prĂ©sentation s'appuie sur les travaux conduits dans le cadre du projet rĂ©gional PhytoCOTE en partenariat avec les acteurs socio-professionnels dans le Blayais, rĂ©gion viticole au Nord de Bordeaux. Elle prĂ©sente la mĂ©thode mise en place pour Ă©valuer les risques de contamination des eaux de surface par les pesticides Ă©pandus sur les parcelles de vigne du bassin versant expĂ©rimental Ă©tudiĂ©. Les rĂ©sultats sont ici exprimĂ©s suivant le niveau de risque de contribution de chaque parcelle au transfert des contaminants eaux de surface. Une comparaison est effectuĂ©e avec l'usage des pesticides en pomiculture
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