Performing internal security framework: Guidelines for developing PhD frameworks

The study emerged from a doctoral thesis aimed at exploring internal security preservation in Namibia, a core mandate of the police force. It provides guidelines for crafting PhD frameworks in alignment with the internal security framework. The guidelines encompass various stages, including extensive literature review, contextualization to specific issues, component selection, assumption definition, framework naming, and acknowledgment of limitations. The paper underscores the importance of a thorough literature review to establish a foundational understanding, enabling critical analysis and substantiating framework development. Practical application and relevance to the research problem are emphasized. Mind mapping is employed to ensure coherence and differentiation from existing models. Naming the framework is deemed crucial, reflecting its primary concept. Acknowledging limitations fosters nuanced understanding and academic transparency. The "Framework for Performing Internal Security" integrates stakeholder collaboration, shared responsibility, and civil stakeholder training, addressing multifaceted challenges in internal security and offering insights for policing and security research

Synergizing Social Contract and Stakeholder Theories: An Analysis of Internal Security Preservation in Namibia's Context

This study underscores the profound significance of internal security in shaping human existence and offers a timely examination of its contemporary relevance. Faced with escalating threats to societal well-being, the research focuses on the Namibian context to assess the capability of the Namibian Police Force in safeguarding internal security. Through the lens of Social Contract Theory, exemplified by Thomas Hobbes, the study argues that citizens possess a rightful expectation of effective policing, given the relinquishment of certain individual rights to the government. Simultaneously, the research draws on Stakeholder Theory, influenced by Freeman, to advocate for a collaborative approach to security preservation, asserting that while the police play a central role, responsibility should be shared among various stakeholders. This perspective stems from the acknowledgment that the multifaceted nature of contemporary insecurities necessitates a collective effort beyond the capabilities of the police alone. Consequently, the study proposes a constitutional amendment to integrate diverse stakeholders into the realm of internal security, emphasizing a balanced and inclusive strategy to effectively address the intricate landscape of security challenges

Flood disaster preparedness and impacts on rural households: a comparative study of Mwandi District of Zambia and Eastern Zambezi Region of Namibia.

Doctoral Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg.The Zambezi Basin is considered vulnerable to climate variability as evidenced by the recurrent floods. The increased occurrence and severity of floods in recent years in areas previously not flooded has inundated parts of Eastern Zambezi Region of Namibia and Mwandi District of Zambia. The magnitude and frequency of these floods, coupled with poor disaster preparedness and lack of effective adaptation strategies, is believed to have negative impacts on rural households. Therefore, a cross country case study was carried out in order to assess the impacts of floods on income, crop production and livestock ownership; to determine the level of flood disaster preparedness; to assess coping and adaptation strategies undertaken by the rural households, and to develop a Household Flood Disaster Resilience Framework (HFDRF). Furthermore, the factors influencing the choice of different adaptation strategies and preparedness level were determined. Data were collected through structured and semi- structured questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, literature reviews and observations. The results indicated that floods had statistically significant impacts on income, crop production and livestock ownership of flooded rural households in both Namibia and Zambia. Rural households depended on both short-term coping and long-term adaptation strategies in order to minimize the negative impacts of floods and flood disasters. Households coped with floods through charcoal production, sale of firewood, sale of grass and reeds, collection of wild food and receipt of food aid. Long-term adaptation strategies included planting trees, fish farming, and flood water harvesting, temporary relocation to higher ground, and changing planting dates, among others. A majority of the households were well prepared (52%) for flood hazards in Namibia, whilst a minority were well prepared (9%) in Zambia. Furthermore, flood preparedness was influenced by sense of community, risk perception, self-efficacy, responsibility efficacy, outcome expectancy, education level, marital status, access and size of land. The study concludes that a variety of factors influence level of flood preparedness and adaptation strategy choices. For policy purposes, this suggests that relevant stakeholders’ interventions should consider these factors in order to enhance the rural households’ adaptive capacity to flooding. Furthermore, results on the impacts of floods on rural households could help in targeting the most vulnerable households in responding effectively to food disasters. This study informs decision makers and practitioners who aim to strengthen disaster risk reduction and management in the two countries and under similar environments, on the status quo of flood impacts, adaptation, and preparedness. The Household Flood Disaster Resilience Framework can be used as a tool for monitoring rural households’ flood resilience

Democratic leadership and management practices in a rural Namibian secondary school

The primary purpose of this research was to investigate the understanding and implementation of democratic leadership and management in schools by school managers and other members of the school community in leadership and management roles as advocated by the policy of Education for all. The study also aimed at identifying any gaps in the understanding and practice of the participants in order to enhance democratic leadership and management in schools. Qualitative research using the interpretive approach was the methodology employed in order to fulfill the intention of the study, namely to investigate the participants` experiences and understanding of democratic education leadership and management. The case study method was appropriate to understand the meanings the participants attached to their practice in their natural setting. Data were collected by using semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and observation. The sample for the study consisted of ten participants: the principal, the head of department, two School Board members, two senior teachers, two Learner Representative Council members and two class captains. The findings suggest that the participants understood and practised democratic ELM in terms of broader participation, open communication, delegation for empowerment, learning organisation, shared decision-making, shared leadership and teamwork. However, the data suggest areas of concern in the participants` understanding and implementation of the policy which could be strengthened to entrench the policy. The study recommends that education policy makers, education managers, school managers, teachers, parents and learners all work towards improving democratic ELM in schools. In order to achieve this objective, policy makers are urged to avoid ambiguity to enable all implementers to fully understand policies. Education managers could ensure school-wide training on the policy while school managers and other stakeholders should engage in self-reflection and introspection and be more proactive towards improving their own understanding and practice

An investigation into the information needs and seeking behaviour of Small-Scale cattle farmers in Katima Mulilo Rural Constituency of Zambezi Region, Namibia

The need for information is felt at all levels of society regardless of an individual’s location or intellectual achievement and it is believed that there is a lot of information around that people can use to make decisions, increase knowledge levels and reduce uncertainty. Yet, there are still categories of people in our societies that still face challenges in accessing it. One such group are the small-scale cattle farmers of Katima-Mulilo constituency of Namibia. The purpose of the study was to investigate into the information needs and seeking behaviours of small-scale cattle farmers of Katima-Mulilo rural constituency of Namibia. A survey method was used in this study and both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed. Cluster sampling technique was used to sample the villages while the cattle farmers were randomly selected and Purposive sampling technique was used to sample the key informants (veterinary medical officers, extension officers and officials from the NGO’s. The questionnaire and focus group discussion guide were used to collect data from the cattle farmers while the interview guide was used to collect data from the key informants. The critical incident technique was used to collect data from focus group discussions. Respondents were asked to recall some previous incidences that they had encountered which prompted them to seek information in order to make a decision or solve a problem. Quantitative data was analysed using the SPSS software while Qualitative data was analysed thematically using content analysis. The study revealed the following information needs of cattle farmers: animal health information,market information, information on animal husbandry, information on new technologies, and information on agriculture policies. The major information sources used by cattle farmers were interpersonal sources for example friends, relatives and neighbours and information sources which were used to a lesser extent were extension officers, veterinary doctors, radio, newspapers and books. The satisfaction levels with various sources showed that farmers were satisfied with information obtained from veterinary doctors and extension officers but were least satisfied with information obtained from friends, relatives, neighbours, other cattle farmers and personal experience and were more dissatisfied with information obtained from radio, books and newspapers. The study established that the preferred channel of communication was oral communication. The challenges faced by farmers when seeking information e.g. high illiteracy levels, language barrier, format in which information was packaged, inadequate numbers of personnel’s, inaccessible roads, distance to information centres and agriculture radio programs being aired at odd hours were also stated. Cross tabulations were performed to establish the influences that some demographic variables like age, gender and education levels attained had on the type of information required, information sources used and challenges faced and the study revealed positive significance levels on gender and education levels of the respondents. The study concluded that there is an increasing need to work in partnership and to share knowledge and skills in order to provide locally relevant services that meet the information needs of smallholder farmers in Namibia. It was also noted that the information received by farmers indicated that it was not to the expected level therefore the study concluded that government and local authorities should develop the existing services, information and communication systems to facilitate the farmers to access relevant information on time in order to gain best agricultural productions. Based on the findings of the study, majority of the cattle farmers were illiterates. This study therefore recommended that there was need to educate farmers on various information sources which could enable them access and use information that could be useful to them. The study results and conclusion made the following recommendations; there is need for the government and other relevant authorities in charge of disseminating information to do the following: extension should be designed with the farmer’s information needs in mind, implement policies that would guide and support extension education, information to be presented in the local languages both during field days meetings with the farmers and in print form, government to employ more extension officers and veterinary doctors to enhance on information delivery, information on radio should be aired in the evening when farmers are back from the fields

The effectiveness of community action plans of farmer's livelihood in the Caprivi Region, Namibia

The Directorate of Extension and Engineering Services (DEES) in the Caprivi Region introduced the concept of Community Action Plan (CAP) in 2005 as a tool for implementing the Farming Systems Research and Extension (FSRE) approach. The Directorate’s main aim is to have functional Community Action Plans (CAP) in all communities in the Caprivi Region. Although CAP is a useful tool for implementing the FSRE approach in rural communities, not every stakeholder perceives it to be useful. Therefore the purpose of this study is to ascertain the usefulness of Community Action Plans as a strategy to support a bottom up extension approach. Three groups in the Caprivi Region, namely, Extension Staff, Mubiza Community and the Bukalo Community were selected to determine their knowledge and perception of CAP. The Mubiza community implements a Community Action Plan while Bukalo community does not implement a Community Action Plan. Two structured questionnaires were administered to a total of 95 respondents. Of these respondents, twenty two (22) were Extension staff, thirty seven (37) were from the Mubiza community and thirty six (36) were from the Bukalo community. There were no significant differences occurring between the two communities with regard to independent variables such as gender, age and education level. However, in respect of variables such as contact with extension staff and attendance of extension meetings there were differences. Clearly Mubiza community respondents had more contact and they attended meetings more often than respondents from Bukalo community. The majority of the Mubiza respondents 91% indicated that they planned their development activities using CAP while 75% of the Bukalo respondents indicated that they have no plans. Respondents from the Mubiza community are significantly more satisfied (p= < 0.0001) with the support they received from the Agricultural Extension Technicians than those from Bukalo. The study reveals also that there is significantly more involvement and participation in community development by members of the Mubiza community. While 92% of respondents from Mubiza community indicated quite clearly that they received appropriate support from the community leaders, only 42% of the respondents from Bukalo community indicated receiving such appropriate support from their leaders. Both, Extension staff and the respondents from the Mubiza Community, perceived the CAP as an effective tool for implementing the FSRE approach and improving the livelihood of communities. CopyrightDissertation (MInstAgrar)--University of Pretoria, 2010.Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Developmentunrestricte

Procurement of construction projects in Zambia: A lega overview of the public sector approach

This paper is divided into five chapters. In the first chapter a discvission of the construction industry in Zambia has been undertaicen. Emphasis is laid on its importance in relation to the national economy; its composition and its past and present performances.Chapter two analyses the concept of procurement as applied to the public sector generally and to the construction industry in particular. The discussion centres most on the various public procurement policy objectives typical to most governments. The term public procurement has been defined and the various bodies subjected to public procurement have been highlightedThe third chapter discusses the construction project procurement cycle; specifically examining the organizational structure used by the public sector to acquire construction projects.The main thrust in the fourth chapter is on the legal environment surrounding the project procurement process. It has been shown that the jiroject procurement process together with the institutional and administrative structure upon which it rests cannot exist in a vacuum. It is supported by a legal framework. All the existing laws that impact on pubhc procurement of construction projects have been examined. Particular emphasis has been put on the Zambia National Tender Board Act together with its subsidiary legislation encompassed institution instruments. The fifth and last chapter is an attempt to summarize the entire research in very few words. It begins with a number of recommendations which, in the view of the writer can add to the perfection of the legal environment surrounding the procurement of construction projects by the public sector. The idea is to come up with a legislation that will address the subject matter of public procurement in a manner more reflective of the current situation in our country. It ends up with conclusions drawn from the research

Direct and maternal genetic effects for birth weight in dorper and mutton merino sheep in Zimbabwe

Variance components for birth (BWT) in Dorper and Mutton Merino sheep were estimated by Average Information Restricted Maximum Likelihood (AIREML). Animal model was fitted allowing for genetic maternal effects and a genetic covariance between direct and maternal effects. Estimates of heritability for direct genetic effects (h²A), maternal genetic effects (h²M), and the genetic covariance between direct and maternal effects as a proportion of the total variance (cAM) for birth weight were 0.23, 0.16, 0.85 and 0.26, 0.46, -0.25 for Dorper and Mutton Merino sheep, for Dorper sheep, respectively. Direct additive genetic variance was larger than maternal variance for Dorper sheep, and direct additive genetic variance was smaller than maternal variance for Mutton Merino sheep. The correlation between direct and maternal effects was negative implyingselection in Mutton Merino sheep should be directed at both components considering the maternal heritability estimate which was high. Common environmental maternal effects were important in both Dorper and Mutton Merino sheep. Keywords: Variance component, AIREML, heriability, birth, dorper, mutton Merin

EXAMINING THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE NEWLY UPGRADED RURAL SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MUMBWA DISTRICT OF CENTRAL PROVINCE, ZAMBIA

This study examined the academic performance of the newly upgraded rural secondary schools in Mumbwa District of Central Province in Zambia. The study had a total of 90 participants. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods as a descriptive survey. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used. The findings of the study revealed that the upgraded rural secondary schools had poor learning and teaching environments due to shortage of classroom space, facilities such as libraries and science laboratories. Apart from that, the study revealed that these rural upgraded secondary schools lacked adequate teaching and learning materials coupled with inadequate and under-qualified teaching staff which contributed greatly to the poor performance of learners in these schools. The study revealed that the academic performance of pupils in the three years was below 50% pass rate. The study recommends that the Ministry of General Education and other stakeholders should build more infrastructure and improve the existing ones in these upgraded rural secondary schools. Apart from that, the Ministry of General Education should provide adequate and prescribed teaching and learning materials to these schools to avoid teaching learners using outdated materials which may be contributing to poor performance. Further, the Ministry of General Education should send more qualified teachers to these upgraded rural secondary schools. This would improve the performance of learners and hence meet the aspiration of the Ministry of General Education for all learners both in urban and rural secondary schools.  Article visualizations

Preservation of internal security in Namibia: Challenges for the Namibian Police Force

This study argues that preservation of internal security of Namibia should not be the primary responsibility of only the Namibian Police Force (NamPol). The issue of security has been the subject of interest throughout human existence and still reserves its principal occupation in the public domain. However, the challenges of insecurities and increased threats to human existence domestically and globally have triggered incessantly renewed security inquiry by scholars, security practitioners, politicians and public administrators. The study employed a qualitative approach; interviews were used to purposively collect data from 20 participants which comprised of the heads of directorates, the regional commanders in the Namibian Police Force, Legal Assistance Centre, NamRights, Namibian Defence Force, Namibian Correctional Service and Windhoek Municipal Police. The data was analysed using thematic analysis, which led to the development of the Framework for Performing Internal Security [FPIS] model. The findings indicate that due to the nature of factors linked to insecurities, such as technology, porous borders, political factors, environmental factors, inequality, poverty, unemployment and lack of provision for essential services, the Namibian police alone cannot preserve internal security effectively. As such, the study recommends that constitutional amendments to incorporate other stakeholders in the preservation Namibia’s internal security