Enhancing 'skills for life'? : workplace learning and adult basic skills

Detected FTIR peaks from DES spectra with the matching functional groups and origin

ROS level in MCF-7 cells treated with various concentrations of DESs.

<p>MCF-7 cells were pretreated with DESs for 24 h and stained with DHE dye to determine the ROS production. The fluorescent intensities of DHE oxidization by ROS were measured using a (A) fluorescence microplate reader and (B) MCF-7 cells treated with 50 μg/mL DESs for 24 h were analyzed by a flow cytometer machine.</p

Numbering of DESs, their individual constituents and aqueous solutions.

<p>Numbering of DESs, their individual constituents and aqueous solutions.</p

Structures of the salt and HBDs.

<p>Structures of the salt and HBDs.</p

DNA fragmentation analysis of MCF-7 cells treated with DESs, using agarose gel electrophoresis.

<p>Lane 1, 100bp. DNA marker; Lane 2, untreated; Lane 3–6, treated with 1_DES, 5_DES, 9_DES and 13_DES, respectively.</p

Numbering of DESs, their individual constituents and aqueous solutions.

<p>Numbering of DESs, their individual constituents and aqueous solutions.</p

Blood test of mice tested.

<p>Blood test of mice tested.</p

Cytotoxic activity of the solvents on various carcinoma and normal cells.

<p>Cytotoxic activity of the solvents on various carcinoma and normal cells.</p

DESs treatment increase LDH release and membrane permeability.

<p>(A) LDH% release by MCF-7 cells treated with various dosages of DESs. After 48 h treatment, the released LDH were quantified by a coupled enzymatic reaction, and measured using a fluorescence plate reader. (B) MCF-7 cells treated with LC₅₀ dosages of DESs for 24 h. Cells were fixed and stained with membrane permeability dye (green) and nucleus was stained with Hoechst 333258 dye (blue).</p

Selectivity index of the DESs for cancer cells compared with human oral keratinocyte cell line (OKF6).

<p>Selectivity index of the DESs for cancer cells compared with human oral keratinocyte cell line (OKF6).</p