Revisión sistemática de la aplicación de gestión del conocimiento y Six Sigma en instituciones de educación superior

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar los hallazgos más relevantes referentes al tema sobre el desarrollo e implementación de modelos de gestión del conocimiento y Six Sigma en Instituciones de Educación Superior, así como su impacto en la mejora de los procesos de éstas. Para ello se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática la cual constó de cuatro fases: 1) planteamiento de la pregunta de investigación; 2) criterios de inclusión y exclusión de la información; 3) obtención de datos y procedimiento de análisis; 4) conclusiones. Los resultados indican que, aunque hay evidencia de la aplicación exitosa de la gestión del conocimiento y la metodología Six Sigma en Instituciones de Educación Superior, no se han realizado estudios sobre la combinación de ambas en ningún tipo de organización. Se propone realizar un análisis más profundo sobre los elementos que integran ambas metodologías para lograr articular un modelo que permita alcanzar las metas que con éstas pueden alcanzarse

Diseño de una estrategia para el cambio de percepción y conducta ambiental: Teoría y estudio de caso del proceso cognitivo de divulgación y apropiación de conocimiento en usuarios

One of biggest problems is the proper disposal of municipal solid waste; however it is not enough to only think and act focused on disposal. It is necessary to consider the origin and the driver of the decisions that different users make without consideration of the final disposal of the waste. That is why this research seeks to develop in a theoretical and practical way an strategy that favors the change of environmental perception in individuals using tools of dissemination and appropriation of knowledge.  This strategy has a methodological axis, it focused on listening to the user, which is segmented according to the environmental perception. Understanding user segmentation is essential to promote cognitive flexibility using some ludic tools and user-centered tools such as affinity diagrams. The strategy was validated with 3 different groups of users under different conditions and frequencies of application of it. The research shows a positive impact on users with more than one immersion in the proposed strategy, as well as a significant impact on groups of people with an intermediate - high environmental perception. It is extremely important to work on strategies that are implemented before the generation of MSW, since in this way corrective strategies will be developed and not only containment strategies.Uno de los problemas actuales es la disposición apropiada de los residuos sólidos urbanos (RSU); sin embargo, no solo basta pensar y actuar enfocados en la disposición. Es necesario considerar el origen y las decisiones de compra que los distintos usuarios toman sin considerar la está de disposición de los residuos generados de manera diaria. Es por lo que esta investigación busca desarrollar de manera teórica y práctica una estrategia que favorezca el cambio de percepción ambiental en los individuos haciendo uso de herramientas de divulgación y apropiación del conocimiento.   La presente estrategia cuenta con un eje metodológico centrado en la escucha del usuario, mismo que es segmentado acorde a la precepción ambiental. Comprender la segmentación del usuario es primordial para fomentar la flexibilidad cognitiva mediante el uso de algunas herramientas lúdicas y herramientas centradas en el usuario como los diagramas de afinidad. Así bien, se valida la estrategia con 3 diferentes grupos de usuarios bajo diferentes condiciones y frecuencias de aplicación de la estrategia. La investigación muestra el impacto positivo en usuarios con más de una inmercion en la estrategia planteada, así como se logra identificar un impacto significativo en grupos de personas en los cuales con una percepción ambiental intermedia – alta. Es sumamente importante trabajar en estrategias que se implementen antes de la generación de RSU, ya que de esta forma se desarrollaran estrategias de corrección y no solo de contenció

The construction of infant and primary school teachers’ identity during their initial professional development and first years of work (Identidoc). Summary, main results and contributions

Podeu consultar el simposi sencer a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/50680Podeu consultar la versió en català de la comunicació a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/50728Educators who are currently beginning their professional career at any level of the educational system and who will likely have to work during the next thirty to forty years will be taking part in the education of individuals who, with the permission of prophets and doomsayers, will live part of their lives in the 22nd century. That long but simple statement causes a bit of vertigo as well as a good amount of reflection on the part of we educators who were trained in the 20th century, are working in the 21st century, and are responsible for preparing people to build a tomorrow that is already today (Millán and Sancho, 1995). This is the starting point of our research groups’ interest in exploring how men and women who have graduated from teacher education programs with specializations in infant and primary education learn to be teachers, and how they establish and position themselves as teachers during their university studies and the first years of their professional life..

Safety and preliminary efficacy on cognitive performance and adaptive functionality of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in children with Down syndrome. A randomized phase Ib clinical trial (PERSEUS study)

Purpose: Although some caregivers are using epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) off label in hopes of improving cognition in young adults with Down syndrome (DS), nothing is known about its safety, tolerability, and efficacy in the DS pediatric population. We aimed to evaluate safety and tolerability of a dietary supplement containing EGCG and if EGCG improves cognitive and functional performance. Methods: A total of 73 children with DS (aged 6-12 years) were randomized. Participants received 0.5% EGCG (10 mg/kg daily dose) or placebo for 6 months with 3 months follow up after treatment discontinuation. Results: In total, 72 children were treated and 66 completed the study. A total of 38 participants were included in the EGCG group and 35 in the placebo group. Of 72 treated participants, 62 (86%) had 229 treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs). Of 37 participants in the EGCG group, 13 (35%) had 18 drug-related treatment-emergent AEs and 12 of 35 (34%) from the placebo group had 22 events. In the EGCG group, neither severe AEs nor increase in the incidence of AEs related to safety biomarkers were observed. Cognition and functionality were not improved compared with placebo. Secondary efficacy outcomes in girls point to a need for future work. Conclusion: The use of EGCG is safe and well-tolerated in children with DS, but efficacy results do not support its use in this population. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Multiancestry analysis of the HLA locus in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases uncovers a shared adaptive immune response mediated by HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes

Across multiancestry groups, we analyzed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) associations in over 176,000 individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) versus controls. We demonstrate that the two diseases share the same protective association at the HLA locus. HLA-specific fine-mapping showed that hierarchical protective effects of HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes best accounted for the association, strongest with HLA-DRB1*04:04 and HLA-DRB1*04:07, and intermediary with HLA-DRB1*04:01 and HLA-DRB1*04:03. The same signal was associated with decreased neurofibrillary tangles in postmortem brains and was associated with reduced tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid and to a lower extent with increased Aβ42. Protective HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes strongly bound the aggregation-prone tau PHF6 sequence, however only when acetylated at a lysine (K311), a common posttranslational modification central to tau aggregation. An HLA-DRB1*04-mediated adaptive immune response decreases PD and AD risks, potentially by acting against tau, offering the possibility of therapeutic avenues

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

La construcción de la identidad docente del profesorado de educación infantil y primaria en la formación inicial y los primeros años de trabajo (Identidoc). Síntesis y principales resultados y contribuciones

Podeu consultar el simposi sencer a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/50680Podeu consultar la versió en anglès de la comunicació a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/50731Los docentes de los distintos ciclos del sistema educativo que están comenzando su vida profesional, si permanecen en esta actividad, trabajarán durante los próximos treinta o cuarenta años con personas que vivirán parte de su vida en el siglo XXII. Este hecho constituye un punto de reflexión para los educadores quienes recibimos nuestra formación básica en el siglo XX, estamos desarrollando nuestro trabajo en el XXI, y tenemos la responsabilidad de preparar a individuos para que puedan construir un mañana que ya es hoy (Millán y Sancho, 1995). Aquí comienza el interés de nuestros grupos de investigación por explorar cómo los hombres y las mujeres que han salido en los últimos años de las facultades de formación del profesorado, con las especialidades de educación infantil y primaria, aprenden a ser docentes. Cómo se han ido constituyendo y posicionando como maestros y maestras durante la formación inicial y los primeros años de su vida profesional..

Revaluation of Local Waste through an Ecotechnologies Strategic Plan: A Case Study with Digesters

In Mexico, the accelerated and unplanned growth of population causes the increment in informal facilities, complicating access to essential services such as adequate sanitation and organic waste management, where the most affected are usually the vulnerable population. The Mexican government has implemented programs and support to encourage the use of ecotechnologies and thus provide alternatives to improve their living conditions by taking advantage of local resources and waste. However, these programs and supports lack planning, creating little interest from users. This research proposes an acceptance strategy for the integration of ecotechnologies that adapt to the lifestyle of populations that need an alternative for their method of sanitation and organic waste management. The strategy is mainly based on a course of action that operates with four main lines of intervention. It was executed as a practical exercise with biodigesters, in the Mexican community of La Trinidad, in the municipality of Tequisquiapan, Querétaro. With the help of the strategy, important factors for the end-user were identified that must be considered when integrating one ecotechnology into the population. In general terms, the strategy showed an improvement in sanitation and organic waste management and a greater acceptance of biodigesters as an alternative of use