Książę Witold Wielki w kampanii letniej 1410 r. w ocenie Jana Długosza

The author of the article shows that both the Polish and Lithuanian historiography pays great attention to the opinion of Jan Długosz on Prince Vytautas the Great. The reason for this interest is the fact that Jan Długosz devoted a lot of space to Prince Vytautas, presenting his activity during an extended period of time (1376–1430) and, in his description of the 1410 campaign, depicted a highly ambiguous picture of the Prince of Lithuania. The Polish and Lithuanian literature assumes that Prince Vytautas played an extremely significant role in the preparation and the course of the Great War of Poland and Lithuania with the Teutonic Order whose climaxwas the battle of Grunwald. It is generally known that the Prince participated in that battle in person. The author of the article discusses the development of the Lithuanian research onthe activity of Prince Vytautas. Three aspects of forming evaluation of Vytautas the Great in the time of the 1410 military campaign are visible in Długosz’s opinion: military, moral andpolitico-diplomatic. Długosz also evaluates the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which participated in the battle of Grunwald. The literature on the topic underlines that Długosz’sdescription of the battle of Grunwald is one of the most exhaustive portrayals of Vytautas as a warrior and leader preserved in the medieval sources. The author concludes that Długosz presents an extraordinarily positive opinion about Prince Vytautas with reference to the battle of Grunwald while his evaluation of the Lithuanian army and its alleged abandonmentof the battlefield are definitely negative. In the description of the next stages of the 1410 campaign, Długosz’s opinion about Prince Vytautas undergoes a radical change which was supposed to stem from the change of the Prince’s politics towards Poland and the Teutonic Order. From a staunch ally and the commander of the battle of Grunwald he transforms into a politician interested solely in the welfare of Lithuania, insincere towards Poland or even plotting with the Teutonic Knights against Poland. Długosz, who in 1410 wished to make the most of the Grunwald victory, wrongly blames Prince Vytautas for ruining the opportunity of capturing Malbork

Researches of rural history in Great Britain

Straipsnyje pristatoma Didžiosios Britanijos mokslo institucijų – universitetų, formalių ir neformalių istorijos mokslo grupių, draugijų tyrimai iš kaimų istorijos problematikos. Straipsnyje siekta paliesti keletą temos aspektų – aptarti britų kaimų istorijos tyrimų organizacinę struktūrą, institucijas, kaimų istorijos („rural history“) tyrimų klausimyną, svarbiausius XX a. Anglijos kaimų istorijos istoriografijos etapus ir pasiekimus.Iš analizuojamų studijų kaimų istorijos tematika, orientacinių tyrinėtojų preferencijų, ypač naujausioje istoriografijoje, ryškus socialinės istorijos kontekstas: agrarinė istorija, istorinė ekologija, folkloro tyrimai, populiarioji kultūra ir religija, kaimo literatūra, kaimo bendruomenė, kraštovaizdžio tyrimai, archeologija ir materialinė kultūra, etnografija, antropologija ir kaimo sociologija, moteris kaimo bendruomenėje, kaimo ir miesto santykiai, kaimo bendruomenės valdžia ir kita. Atskirai straipsnyje pristatomi žymiausių kaimų is-torijos tyrinėtojų Džeimso Edvino Toroldo-Rodžerso (J. E. Thorold-Rogers), Frederiko Sybaumo (F. Seebohm), sero Rolando Edmundo Protero (R. E. Prothero), Džordžo Fiuselio (G. Fussell), Herberto Patriko Redžinaldo Finbergo (H. P. R. Finberg), Joanos Tirsk (J.Thirsk) ir kitų indėlis į Britanijos kaimų istoriografiją. Retrospektyviai įvertinant XX a. antrosios pusės britų agrarinės istorijos pasiekimus galima konstatuoti ryškesnį dėmesį ne dvarų, o kaimų tyrimams. Kaimų genezės problematikoje konstatuojama fundamentalių IX–X a. procesų reikšmė, naujai pažvelgta ir į kaimo bei miesto ekonominius santykius, rinkos iššūkius ir kaimo atsaką į juos.The article presents researches in the field of rural his-tory carried out by science and educational institutions in Great Britain, i. e. universities as well as by formal and informal history science groups and societies. The article touches upon some problematic aspects, such as the organizational structure of researches in the history of the British villages, respective institution, research questionnaire concerning rural history as well as the main historiographical stages and achievements in the 20thcentury English rural history.First of all, the author presents universities’ research pro-grammes and their too specialized research directions of rural history which were mainly followed by Cambridge and Reading Universities. Cambridge University pub-lished a series of works under the title England’s Rural History. A special mention should be made of The Bri-tish Agricultural History Society, established in 1952 and still existing, which rallies different research centres and university researchers to investigate agricultural history, rural history including. [...]

Polish nobles as participants of the crusades to Lithuania in the 2nd half of the 14th century

Based on the information from the armorials of medieval Western Europe of the late 14th century – early 15th century (Gelre Armorial, Bellenville Armorial), published documents of the Teutonic Order, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as well as abundant historiography of various countries, the article seeks to reveal the role of the Polish nobility as participants of the crusades to Lithuania in the history of Lithuania of the late 14th century – early 15th century. The participation of Polish nobility in the crusades to Lithuania in the 14th century was not marked by prominent intensity, though written sources include fragmentary hints to possible participation of Polish representatives in the crusades of 1322, 1343, 1345, and 1369. More significant changes in the situation occurred after the death of Casimir III the Great, King of Poland, the change of the ruling dynasty and the intensified Lithuanian military campaigns – in the autumn of 1376. The 1377 campaign of Louis I, King of Hungary and Poland from the Angevin dynasty, against Lithuania and a more active involvement of Polish nobles in the winter campaigns of the Teutonic Order of 1377-1378, 1378-1379, 1379-1380 testified by the occurrence of the coats of arms associated with the Polish nobility became a response to Lithuanian military campaigns. The death of Louis I in the autumn of 1382 was followed by an intensive period of 1382-1385 marked by controversy over the succession to the throne of the Kingdom of Poland, which did not discontinue the relations of a part of the Polish political elite and the nobility in the castle of Marienburg. The time was marked by intensified relations between the manor of one of the candidates to the throne, Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, and his supporters in Prussia.A significant part of his more accomplished supporters went to Prussia as crusaders and they were mentioned in the list of participants of the "Table of Honour" (Ehrentisch) of 1385; through it, the coats of arms of these nobles made their way to Gelre and Bellenville armorials. In the attempt to assess the reasons of involvement of Polish nobility in the crusades against Lithuania, Polish historians paid attention to the motives behind the relations of the opposition to the royal crown and the Teutonic Order, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as the common enemy and, finally, the circumstances of competition of competing or newly emerging candidates (Siemowit IV of the Masovian Piast Dynasty as a representative of the old ruler dynasty against the foreign Angevin dynasty or a new foreign candidate Jogaila). According to the research of Werner Paravicini, one of the most outstanding researchers of the crusades in the Baltic region, on the application of Pierre Bourdieu’s "theory of capitals" in the activities of "meaningful waste" of crusaders, it can be stated that the access of a part of Polish nobles to the list of the "Table of Honour" important to the chivalrous ceremonial of the Teutonic Order, the visits of the duke of Masovia and his escort to Marienburg symbolised the growth of social, symbolic or honour capital unambiguously established in the afore-mentioned armorials of Western Europe of the late 14th century. The studies of the sources of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the late 14th century – early 15th century enable us to speak about the subsequent, though not very intensive, relations of these Polish noblescrusaders with Lithuania – military, social, political. [...

Parliamentarians of Lithuania (15th-18th centuries)

Straipsnyje aptariamos svarbiausios LDK parlamentaru biografinio žodyno (XV–XVIII a.) rengimo problemos, nušviečiama atskirų laikotarpių ir aspektų specifika. Daroma išvada, kad žodynas turėtų suregistruoti visus galimus išsiaiškinti parlamentarus ir pateikti kaip įmanoma išsamesnes, objektyvesnes žinias apie juos, ypač apie parlamentinę veiklą. Žodyno duomenys turėtų svariai prisidėti prie XV–XVIII a. Lietuvos politinio ir parlamentinio elito tyrimų, sudaryti sąlygas naujų metodų, pirmiausia prozopografinio – kolektyvinės biografijos metodo taikymui bei atitinkamiems tyrimų rezultatams pasiekti. Nustačius maksimalų LDK parlamentarų skaičių, išsiaiškinus jų parlamentinės karjeros „laiptelius“, socialinį statusą ir kitus niuansus, galima bus geriau suvokti LDK parlamentinės sistemos specifiką, atsivers platesnės galimybės gautus duomenis lyginti su Lenkijos bei Vakarų Europos valstybių analogiškais parlamentinės praktikos pavyzdžiais. Be to, būtų galima geriau išryškinti LDK politinio žemėlapio konfigūracijas.The article discusses key problems of compiling a biographical dictionary of parliamentarians in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (15th–18th centuries) and covers peculiarities of individual periods and aspects. The work concludes that the dictionary should record all potentially identifiable parliamentarians and provide as detailed and impartial information on them, especially their parliamentary activity, as possible. Dictionary details should make a significant contribution to the research on Lithuania’s political and parliamentary elite of the 15th–18th centuries, and enable the application of new methods, in particular a prosopographic – collective biography – method, and the achievement of appropriate research results. Determination of the maximum number of parliamentarians in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, their parliamentary career ladder, social status and other nuances will make it possible to have a better understanding of peculiarities of the parliamentary system in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and will open up wider opportunities to compare obtained data with similar examples of parliamentary practice in Poland and Western European states. In addition, it would allow better highlighting of configurations of the political map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Parliamentarians of Lithuania (15th-18th centuries)

Straipsnyje aptariamos svarbiausios LDK parlamentarų biografinio žodyno (XV–XVIII a.) rengimo problemos, nušviečiama atskirų laikotarpių ir aspektų specifika. Daroma išvada, kad žodynas turėtų suregistruoti visus galimus išsiaiškinti parlamentarus ir pateikti kaip įmanoma išsamesnes, objektyvesnes žinias apie juos, ypač apie parlamentinę veiklą. Žodyno duomenys turėtų svariai prisidėti prie XV–XVIII a. Lietuvos politinio ir parlamentinio elito tyrimų, sudaryti sąlygas naujų metodų, pirmiausia prozopografinio – kolektyvinės biografijos metodo taikymui bei atitinkamiems tyrimų rezultatams pasiekti. Nustačius maksimalų LDK parlamentarų skaičių, išsiaiškinus jų parlamentinės karjeros „laiptelius“, socialinį statusą ir kitus niuansus, galima bus geriau suvokti LDK parlamentinės sistemos specifiką, atsivers platesnės galimybės gautus duomenis lyginti su Lenkijos bei Vakarų Europos valstybių analogiškais parlamentinės praktikos pavyzdžiais. Be to, būtų galima geriau išryškinti LDK politinio žemėlapio konfigūracijasVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŠvietimo akademij

Istorijos žodynas

Vytauto Didžiojo universitetasŠvietimo akademij