235 research outputs found
Lift-Based Bidding in Ad Selection
Real-time bidding (RTB) has become one of the largest online advertising
markets in the world. Today the bid price per ad impression is typically
decided by the expected value of how it can lead to a desired action event
(e.g., registering an account or placing a purchase order) to the advertiser.
However, this industry standard approach to decide the bid price does not
consider the actual effect of the ad shown to the user, which should be
measured based on the performance lift among users who have been or have not
been exposed to a certain treatment of ads. In this paper, we propose a new
bidding strategy and prove that if the bid price is decided based on the
performance lift rather than absolute performance value, advertisers can
actually gain more action events. We describe the modeling methodology to
predict the performance lift and demonstrate the actual performance gain
through blind A/B test with real ad campaigns in an industry-leading
Demand-Side Platform (DSP). We also discuss the relationship between
attribution models and bidding strategies. We prove that, to move the DSPs to
bid based on performance lift, they should be rewarded according to the
relative performance lift they contribute.Comment: AAAI 201
Direct Learning-Based Deep Spiking Neural Networks: A Review
The spiking neural network (SNN), as a promising brain-inspired computational
model with binary spike information transmission mechanism, rich
spatially-temporal dynamics, and event-driven characteristics, has received
extensive attention. However, its intricately discontinuous spike mechanism
brings difficulty to the optimization of the deep SNN. Since the surrogate
gradient method can greatly mitigate the optimization difficulty and shows
great potential in directly training deep SNNs, a variety of direct
learning-based deep SNN works have been proposed and achieved satisfying
progress in recent years. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of
these direct learning-based deep SNN works, mainly categorized into accuracy
improvement methods, efficiency improvement methods, and temporal dynamics
utilization methods. In addition, we also divide these categorizations into
finer granularities further to better organize and introduce them. Finally, the
challenges and trends that may be faced in future research are prospected.Comment: Accepted by Frontiers in Neuroscienc
Loss of AMIGO2 causes dramatic damage to cardiac preservation after ischemic injury
Background: Recent studies have identified amphoterin-induced gene and open reading frame (AMIGO2). The role of AMIGO2 in tumour research is well-studied, but its role in ischemic heart diseases is seldom reported. In the present study, the role of AMIGO2 in myocardial infarction (MI) is under investigation for the first time.
Methods: For in vitro studies, cardiomyocytes (CMs) and endothelial cells (ECs) were isolated from both AMIGO2 knockout (KO) and WT mice. The apoptosis of CMs was tested after 48 h of ischemic stimulation. A proliferation test was implemented after 7 days of normoxic incubation and tube formation on ECs. For in vivo studies, the MI model was built in mice hearts. Echocardiographic evaluation was performed at 3 days and 28 days post-MI, while the hemodynamics test was performed at 28 days post-MI. The histological results of the apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis and infarct zone assessments were determined using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labelling (TUNEL) assay, Ki67 staining, a-SMA/CD31 immunostain and the Masson-Trichrome method, respectively. The expression changes of the Akt pathway and related proteins were confirmed using both quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot.
Results: The present results demonstrated that AMIGO2 deficiency caused more CMs suffering apoptosis, lower proliferation and less angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Weaker cardiac function and larger scar formation were detected in AMIGO2 KO mice, and increased expression of active-caspase-3 and decreased expression of PDK1, p-Akt, Bcl-2/Bax and VEGF occurred.
Conclusions: Herein the findings indicate that AMIGO2 deficiency plays an attenuated cardio-protective role in ischemic heart disease via inactivation of the PDK1/Pten/Akt pathway
Ternary Spike: Learning Ternary Spikes for Spiking Neural Networks
The Spiking Neural Network (SNN), as one of the biologically inspired neural
network infrastructures, has drawn increasing attention recently. It adopts
binary spike activations to transmit information, thus the multiplications of
activations and weights can be substituted by additions, which brings high
energy efficiency. However, in the paper, we theoretically and experimentally
prove that the binary spike activation map cannot carry enough information,
thus causing information loss and resulting in accuracy decreasing. To handle
the problem, we propose a ternary spike neuron to transmit information. The
ternary spike neuron can also enjoy the event-driven and multiplication-free
operation advantages of the binary spike neuron but will boost the information
capacity. Furthermore, we also embed a trainable factor in the ternary spike
neuron to learn the suitable spike amplitude, thus our SNN will adopt different
spike amplitudes along layers, which can better suit the phenomenon that the
membrane potential distributions are different along layers. To retain the
efficiency of the vanilla ternary spike, the trainable ternary spike SNN will
be converted to a standard one again via a re-parameterization technique in the
inference. Extensive experiments with several popular network structures over
static and dynamic datasets show that the ternary spike can consistently
outperform state-of-the-art methods. Our code is open-sourced at
https://github.com/yfguo91/Ternary-Spike.Comment: Accepted by AAAI202
Will Low-Income Populations Love Spicy Foods More? Accounting for Tastes
Based on the Theory of Rational Addiction (TORA), this paper identifies the correlation between income and the preference for spicy foods by analysing the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data. The results show that compare with high-income residents of same area, the low-income residents prefer to spicy foods in China. The regression results of IV and Lewbel IV all support it. According to the result, the channel of health behaviours and health awareness are possible causal channels for the negative correlation between income and the preference for spicy foods, rather than health capital stock and food selection
Will Low-Income Populations Love Spicy Foods More? Accounting for Tastes
Based on the Theory of Rational Addiction (TORA), this paper identifies the correlation between income and the preference for spicy foods by analysing the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data. The results show that compare with high-income residents of same area, the low-income residents prefer to spicy foods in China. The regression results of IV and Lewbel IV all support it. According to the result, the channel of health behaviours and health awareness are possible causal channels for the negative correlation between income and the preference for spicy foods, rather than health capital stock and food selection
Inequality of Opportunity in Health Care in China: Suggestion on the Construction of the Urban-Rural Integrated Medical Insurance System
This paper investigates the urban-rural inequality of opportunity in health care in China based on the theory of the EOp of Roemer (1998). Following the compensation principle proposed by Fleurbaey and Schokkaert (2011), this paper decomposes the fairness gap in the urban-rural health care utilization. The results shows that the ratios of the fairness gap to are 1.167 during 1997-2000 and 1.744 during 2004-2006. It implies that the degree of the essential inequity is underestimated. Meanwhile, upgrading the urban-rural reimbursement ratios is probably not sufficient to eliminate the inequality of opportunity in health care utilization between urban and rural residents. Under background of urban-rural dualistic social structure and the widening of urban-rural income gap, the pro-disadvantage policies will be more effective to promote the equality of opportunity in health car
Inequality of Opportunity in Health Care in China: Suggestion on the Construction of the Urban-Rural Integrated Medical Insurance System
This paper investigates the urban-rural inequality of opportunity in health care in China based on the theory of the EOp of Roemer (1998). Following the compensation principle proposed by Fleurbaey and Schokkaert (2011), this paper decomposes the fairness gap in the urban-rural health care utilization. The results shows that the ratios of the fairness gap to are 1.167 during 1997-2000 and 1.744 during 2004-2006. It implies that the degree of the essential inequity is underestimated. Meanwhile, upgrading the urban-rural reimbursement ratios is probably not sufficient to eliminate the inequality of opportunity in health care utilization between urban and rural residents. Under background of urban-rural dualistic social structure and the widening of urban-rural income gap, the pro-disadvantage policies will be more effective to promote the equality of opportunity in health car
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